<p>Sumner Library is a neighborhood library located in the Near-north neighborhood of Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States. Originally part of the Minneapolis Public Library, it became part of the merged Hennepin County Library in 2008. The Carnegie Library was a haven for Jewish immigrants to the city in the early 20th century. The Minneapolis Public Library moved its entire collection of Yiddish and Hebrew works to the branch library in response to a survey showing that 95% of the patrons were Jewish immigrants, some of whom learned English there and participated in social clubs in the building. The Tudor Revival building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Sumner and the 14 other libraries of Minneapolis Public Library were merged into the combined urban/suburban Hennepin County Library in 2008. The library celebrated its 100th anniversary on Oct. 10, 2015.</p><br>
<h2>Establishment and Carnegie grant</h2><br>
<p>Sumner Library opened on June 5, 1912, in a rented store room at 901 6th Ave. N in Minneapolis. Young people flocked to the library for reading materials, and many adults used the librarys collection of juvenile materials to learn English. Approximately 90% of the librarys patrons were Jewish immigrants. From the outset, reading materials in Russian, Yiddish, and Hebrew were in high demand, and the foreign language collection was entirely "read out" by 1913.</p><br>
<p>Just a few months prior to the library&#39;s opening in rented quarters, the Minneapolis Public Library received notice that the Carnegie Corporation was offering them $125,000 to erect four branch libraries. Gratia Countryman, Head Librarian of the Minneapolis Public Library, had worked tirelessly to secure the grant. Countryman believed that extension services would enable the library to reach as many people as possible, and the branch libraries were a key component of extension work in the Minneapolis Public Library system.</p><br>
<p>Sumner Library was the third of four branch libraries in Minneapolis to be constructed with funds from Carnegie. Minneapolis architect Cecil Bayless Chapman designed the library in the Tudor Revival style. The brick L-shaped library featured arched ceilings and a central tower where the main entrance and librarians office were. Sumner Librarys new building officially opened on December 16, 1915, at 6th Ave. N and Emerson. After being open just one month, the new building was already too small. Staff reported that one-third of the children who came to the library could not find a place to sit, and adults were crowded out of the library altogether.</p><br>
<h2>The library&#39;s diverse community</h2><br>
<p>Throughout the entirety of its existence, Sumner Library has been a mainstay among services helping immigrants adapt to life in the United States. Almost as soon as the building opened, Sumner Library hosted English and citizenship courses. Since many adults in the neighborhood did not speak English, library staff would ask children, who often did speak English, to tell their parents about the classes. Today, the library continues to offer assistance to people earning their GED, learning English and studying for their citizenship exam through tutoring and classes offered by the Open Door Learning Center.</p><br>
<p>Sumner Library has served a wide variety of ethnic and religious groups since its establishment in North Minneapolis. Initially, the population that lived near and used Sumner Library was primarily Jewish. Adelaide Rood, Branch Librarian from 1916 to 1953, saw the library as a place that could help people of different cultural groups understand one another. In 1931, the library held its first "Jewish Book Week," displaying Jewish books and items. In the 1940s, the library decorated for Christmas and Hanukkah, creating good-will among patrons. By as early as the 1920s, however, Jewish families began moving farther north and west, out of the vicinity of the library. By 1961, the library reported that the neighborhood could no longer be thought of as a Jewish neighborhood, but an African American neighborhood, and the library&#39;s collection of Yiddish and Hebrew books was transferred to the Central Library.</p><br>
<p>The neighborhood surrounding Sumner Library has been home to African Americans since before the library was built. In the 1920s, the library established reading rooms in the Border Avenue Methodist Church and in the Phyllis Wheatley Settlement House for African Americans in order to reach more African Americans on the Northside. In the 1970s, responding to the needs of the community, Branch Librarian Grace Belton set out to identify and collect resources on Black history and literature as a means of providing access to these resources and preserving Black heritage. By 1988, this collection included 2,500 titles. In 1998, the collection was named the Gary N. Sudduth African American History and Culture Collection, after the Library Board Trustee and Urban League President Gary N. Sudduth. As of 2015, the collection contains over 5,000 titles for children, teens, and adults.</p><br>
<p>From the 1920s until the 1940s, Sumner library also served Finnish people. The library housed a collection of Finnish materials until 1954, when it was transferred to the Central Library.</p><br>
<p>In the 1980s, people from Southeast Asia began living near and using Sumner Library. By the 1990s, people from Somalia and Ethiopia lived on the Northside and began using the library as well. As of 2015, the library houses Somali, Hmong, and Spanish language collections.</p><br>
<h2>Changes to the building</h2><br>
<p>After Sumner Library opened in 1915, inadequate space was always an issue. In 1927, a much needed addition was built on the west side of the library. The new addition housed the children&#39;s room and a workroom.</p><br>
<p>In 1938, Sumner Library was moved 100 feet north to accommodate the widening of 6th Avenue. The work was done by a crew of six men, who moved the building from its original location one-eighth of an inch at a time with a large jack. Books were covered with newspaper during the move to prevent damage. Moving the library cost $32,000. At the same time the library was moved, an addition was built on the north side of the library. The addition was used as an office and a reference room.</p><br>
<p>In 2004, the library was renovated once again. Additions were built on the north and west sides of the library, and the librarys entrance was relocated to the north side of the building. Existing parts of the library were also restored and preserved to maintain aspects of the buildings original design. Minneapolis architects, Mohammed Lawal and Peter Sussman, designed the renovations. Lawal grew up on the Northside and used Sumner Library as a child.</p><br>
<h2>Programming</h2><br>
<p>Sumner Library has established itself as an important neighborhood community space by hosting many clubs, events, and classes over the years. Childrens clubs and programming were especially popular in Sumners early years. From the 1920s to the 1940s, troops of Boy Scouts met regularly at Sumner Library. In 1927, staff started a library club for girls. Members would mend books and magazines, shelve books, and keep the childrens room organized. The library club was so popular that there was a waiting list to join the club. In 1947, the library offered a teen book club for girls. During the 1950s, films for adults were shown regularly at the library, and in the 1960s, the library showed films based on childrens books.</p><br>
<p>In 1980, Branch Librarian Grace Belton recognized that literacy rates were low among adults living near Sumner Library, and a literacy class for adults was established at the library the following year. Though the class was successful and in high demand, the program ceased soon after it started due to budget cuts. Shortly after, the Minnesota Literacy Council began an adult reading program at Sumner Library which became known as the "Northside Reading Center," now known as the Open Door Learning Center. Belton also worked hard to establish literacy programs for children. She hosted storytimes, visited schools, met with parents, and spent time developing some of the librarys most successful summer reading programs for kids. When Dan Kelty became Sumners Community Librarian in 1999, the summer reading program reached capacity and 2,000 children took part in the library&#39;s Reading Club.</p><br>
<p>Today, programming at Sumner Library continues to focus on literacy, where literacy is understood as something achieved in many ways - through reading, writing, homework, conversation, and art. The library hosts regular programs for adults such as adult homework help and conversation circles for people wanting to practice speaking English. Regular programs for children include homework help, baby storytime, family storytime, and childcare group storytime. Programs such "Sing Play Learn," the Juneteenth Celebration, and genealogy research are brought to the library through Legacy funding. The Friends of Sumner Library also support programming efforts through advocacy and fundraising.</p><br>
<h2>Famous visitors</h2><br>
<p>Sumner Library has hosted a number of famous visitors throughout its history. In 1962, Harrison Salisbury, noted author, New York Times columnist, and former patron of Sumner Library, visited and spoke at the librarys 50th anniversary celebration. In 1981, poet Maya Angelou visited and gave a lecture at Sumner Library. Justice Alan Page and his wife Diane visited the library in 1984 as part of the librarys "Read…By All Means" program promoting the value of reading. In 2013, American Civil Rights Movement leader James Meredith visited the library.</p><br>
<p>The Robert H. Sunday House is located in Marshalltown, Iowa, United States. It was designed by Frank Lloyd Wright in the Usonian style, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988. Initially the Sundays choose the Usonian Automatic, a natural concrete block model, for their home. When it provided unworkable, Wright sent the plans for this house. In style and materials it is very similar to the 1953 Usonian Exhibition House. It was the sixth of seven houses designed by Wright and built in this style in Iowa. Sunday, who owned Marshall Lumber in Marshalltown, acted as his own general contractor. In fact, he and his wife did much of the work themselves. It is also believed to be last of this style built in brick. John H. "Jack" Howe, a Wright assistant who supervised the initial construction, designed an addition to this house in 1970 that conforms seamlessly with the original. It includes the family room, family room terrace, and the dining room. The original house followed an L-shaped plan, and with the addition it is now a T-shaped plan. Howe had previously designed  the building for Sundays business.</p><br>
<p>The Philadelphia Lazaretto was the Second quarantine hospital in the United States, built in 1799, in Tinicum Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania. The site was originally inhabited by the Lenni Lenape, and then the first Swedish settlers. Nearby Province Island was the site of the confinement of the Christian Moravian Indians who were brought there under protective custody from Lancaster, Pennsylvania, in 1763 when their lives were threatened by the Paxton Boys. The facility predates similar national landmarks such as Ellis Island Immigrant Hospital and Angel Island and is considered both the oldest surviving quarantine hospital and the last surviving example of its type in the USA</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first quarantine station in Philadelphia was erected in 1743 just southwest of where the Schuylkill and Delaware Rivers meet on present-day Penrose Ferry Road. A building was erected for use by sick people arriving at the port of Philadelphia and was known as the Pest House or the Old Lazaretto. The building was sold in 1802, with the proceeds used to help pay for the newly built Lazaretto, located about six miles west.</p><br>
<p>Efforts to control disease epidemics in the City of Philadelphia did not begin in earnest until after the devastating Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1793, which killed between 4,000 and 5,000 inhabitants—about one-tenth of the city&#39;s population at the time—and led the national government, which was then located there, to temporarily move out of the city. Following that epidemic, the commonwealth of Pennsylvania in 1798 created a Board of Health, controlled by the city, with the power to levy taxes for public health measures. The following year, the city Board of Health erected the Lazaretto on a 10 acre site 10 mi south of the city on the banks of the Delaware in Tinicum Township.</p><br>
<p>In 1864, the municipal hospital of Philadelphia burned down and the board of health relocated it to the Lazaretto. Dr. J.L. Forwood managed the hospital at the Lazaretto until the new building were completed.</p><br>
<p>The new quarantine station included a hospital, offices, and residences.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1972. In the early 21st century, the site was threatened with development, but the work of local preservationists saved it from leveling.</p><br>
<p>Tinicum Township purchased the building in 2005 and subsequently refurbished the building to serve as township offices.</p><br>
<p>Sabine Hall is a historic house located near Warsaw in Richmond County, Virginia. Built about 1734 by noted planter, burgess and patriot Landon Carter , it is one of Virginia&#39;s finest Georgian brick manor houses. Numerous descendants served in the Virginia General Assembly. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1969, and declared a National Historic Landmark in 1970. At the time of its National Register listing, it was still owned by Carter / Wellford descendants.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Sabine Hall is located in a rural setting south of Warsaw, Virginia, on a ridge overlooking the Rappahannock River to the south. The plantation property on which it stands extends as far east as Jugs Creek, and north and west to United States Route 360. The main plantation house is a two-story, brick and stone, Georgian style manor house. It is flanked by later -story brick wings. The center of its main facade is dominated by a two-story four-column portico with pedimented gable. The interior features a fully paneled central hall measuring 18 by, and an ornate carved walnut stairway that has been described as one of the finest in the nation. The house overlooks six gardened terraces descending to the river.</p><br>
<p>The central core of the plantation house was built by noted planter Landon Carter (1710–1778) in about 1730. In 1764 the house was enlarged to join the kitchen outbuilding (since demolished) via a covered passage. One of the wings was added at an unknown date; the other was added in 1929 to give the building visual symmetry.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Landon Carters firstborn son and heir Robert Wormeley Carter, who would be the first owner to serve in the Virginia House of Delegates finished or remodeled parts of the interior, purchasing cabinetry and other items from William Buckland who built the neighboring Mount Airy for Col. John Tayloe II. His son, another Landon Carter, would marry Tayloes daughter Catharine Tayloe. His grandson, Robert W. Carter, who would serve in both the Virginia House of Delegates and Virginia Senate before dying at Sabine Hall in October 1861, also remodeled the property in the 1840s and 1850s. His only surviving child, a daughter, married Dr. Armistead Wellford of Fredericksburg, who received a federal pardon at the war&#39;s end. Their son, R. Carter Wellford (1853-1919) would inherit Sabine Hall and also serve in the Virginia House of Delegates.</p><br>
<p>The Odd Fellows Building and Auditorium, located at 228—250 Auburn Avenue, N.E. in the Sweet Auburn Historic District of Atlanta, Georgia, are historic buildings built in 1912 and 1913, respectively, as the headquarters of the District Grand Lodge No. 18, Jurisdiction of Georgia, of the Grand United Order of Odd Fellows in America. B.S. Ingram was District Grand Master and Dr. William F. Penn was chairman of the building committee. Renowned Atlanta-based architect William Augustus Edwards designed the buildings, while Robert E. Pharrow was the contractor and M.B. Morton was superintendent of construction. Booker T. Washington dedicated the Odd Fellows Building in 1912.</p><br>
<p>The Odd Fellows Building and Auditorium are closely linked with Benjamin Jefferson Davis, Sr. (1870–1945), Atlanta&#39;s most influential black journalist, who edited the Atlanta Independent, the official organ of District No. 18. He was District Grand Secretary and a member of the Building Committee when they were built.</p><br>
<p>The Odd Fellows Building, called the Tower, is six stories high while the Auditorium next door, called the Annex, is two stories with an atrium that adds another two or three stories in height. Both are built of redbrick except for the first floor of the Tower which is stone. The Annex was used for many years as a movie house and was the only major venue in Atlanta where blacks could be seated on the main floor. In addition to providing meeting and office space for the Odd Fellows, the Tower provided office and store space for black-owned businesses and black professionals. Its flat roof was used for dances for many years.</p><br>
<p>On May 2, 1975, both buildings were added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Carmichael House, known also as Raines-Carmichael House, Raines-Miller-Carmichael House or Cadwalader Raines House, is a Greek Revival mansion at 1183 Georgia Avenue in Macon, Georgia, United States. Built in 1848, the house is a nationally significant example of Greek Revival architecture, built and designed by local master builder Elam Alexander. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1973.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Carmichael House is located in central Macon, at the northeast corner of Georgia Avenue and College Street. It is a two-story wood frame structure, laid out in the form of a Greek cross, with Ionic-columned porches between the arms of the cross, and a large octagonal cupola rising above the center. The corners of the cross arms have broad pilasters, rising to a full entablature and a dentillated cornice, with fully pedimented gable ends. The central feature of the interior is a free-standing spiral staircase that rises all the way to the cupola, and several of the first-floor public chambers have columned niches.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in the late 1840s for Cadawalader Raines, a local judge, by Elam Alexander, one of Macons most important master builders of the period. The house is one of Alexanders most elaborate works, and is now among the best-preserved of his surviving works. The house was described in Howard Major&#39;s Domestic Architecture of the Early American Republic as a striking and detailed example of Greek Revival architecture. Cadwalader Raines died childless in 1856, and the house soon passed out of the family; it was owned in the 20th century by the Carmichaels.</p><br>
<p>The Seth Adams House is a historic house at 72 Jewett Street, in the Newton Corner village of Newton, Massachusetts. Probably built in the mid-1850s, it is a well-preserved example of Italianate architecture. During the 1870s it was home to Seth Adams, one of Newton&#39;s wealthiest residents. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Seth Adams House stands in a residential area on the northwest side of Newton Corner, at the northeast corner of Pearl and Jewett Streets, on a small lot with a low stone retaining wall on the street-facing sides. It is a -story wood-frame structure, with a gabled roof and clapboarded exterior. It is oriented facing south toward Pearl Street, but its main facade is largely obscured by mature plantings. The eaves and gables are adorned with evenly spaced Italianate brackets, and the front windows have bracketed sills and lintels. The main facade is three bays wide on the first floor and four on the second, with entrance at the center, framed by sidelight and transom windows. A single-story porch extends across the front, supported by latticed square posts.</p><br>
<p>The house was probably built in the 1850s, when the Newton Corner area was dotted with country estates of wealthy Boston businessmen. In 1874 it was home to Seth Adams, one of Newton&#39;s wealthiest residents. He was a major benefactor of the Adams-Nervine Asylum in Jamaica Plain. The house is now a condominium consisting of 3 apartments.</p><br>
<p>Spence&#39;s Point is a historic estate on the Potomac River near Westmoreland, Virginia. Also known as the John R. Dos Passos Farm, it was the home of writer John Dos Passos  for the last 25 years of his life. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1971.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Spence&#39;s Point is located in rural southeastern Westmoreland County, on the north side of VA 749. Set on the south bank of the Potomac River down a long drive from the highway is the main house of the 1,800 acre estate. It is a modest -story brick building with a gabled roof and single end chimney. It is three bays wide, with the main entrance in the rightmost bay. The basic architecture is a simple interpretation of the Federal style. To the rear is a two-story addition, added in the 1940s by Dos Passos, with a two-story veranda overlooking the river. Further south, also overlooking the river in the village of Sandy Neck, is the site of the childhood home of Dos Passos; the house he grew up in has been demolished and replaced, but some of the outbuildings remain in place.</p><br>
<p>The land at Spence&#39;s Point was a large parcel that the father of John Dos Passos purchased in 1885, and the Sandy Neck house is where Dos Passos spent his childhood. In 1942, after he achieved prominence as one of the most influential writers of his generation, Dos Passos purchased a portion of the original property and restored the brick farmhouse that stood there which was originally built around 1806. It was then to remain his home until his death in 1970. Although he had written some of his most important works prior to the acquisition of this property, many of his later works were written here. At the time of its designation as a landmark in 1971, it was occupied by his widow.</p><br>
<p>The Bemis Mill is a historic former industrial building at 1-3 Bridge Street, in the village of Nonantum, in Newton, Massachusetts. It is now a general office building called the Meredith Building. The building is significant historically as a surviving early industrial building in the city and for the remnants of unique power distribution and water control facilities that survive. On September 4, 1986, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Bemis Mill is located on the west side of Bridge Street, abutting the Charles River to the north. It is a three-story building, built out of handmade bricks laid in common bond. The building is roughly L-shaped, with the base of the L facing the river. The portion extending away from the river is an addition to the original building and was built sometime before 1875. The river-facing facade has a foundation of large granite blocks, with two arched openings providing access for the water that originally powered the mill. The millrace is no longer extant, and only fragments of the dam remain.</p><br>
<p>The site of the Bemis Mill has an industrial history dating to the 18th century. A dam was built across the river no later than 1778, and David Bemis built a paper mill on this site the following year, likely on the site of an even older mill. Bemis also built mills across the river in Watertown, that eventually became a successful textile factory. The paper mill failed in 1821 and was converted to textile manufacturing. In 1822, the proprietors of the Boston Manufacturing Company, located up the river in Waltham, offered Seth Bemis $1,000 per inch to lower their dam, whose impoundment was backed up the river to theirs. At this time, a poorly-understood "rolling dam" technology was added to regulate flow over the dam, and a new building may have been built. Elements of this system, which is only known to have been introduced in a few places, are still in place in the building&#39;s basement. (It is also possible the term refers to a reverse curve on the spillway.)</p><br>
<p>The Bemises used the mill until the 1840s as a dye-production facility. William Freeman purchased this mill in 1847, and those across the river in Watertown were bought by his son; both became principals in the Aetna Manufacturing Company, which continued to produce dyes here until 1870. At that time, the facility was converted to one that provided power to mills across the river, transmitted by means of a belt that passed through a slot in the river-facing facade and crossed the river. Textile operations wound down about 1920, after which this building was used for a time in the manufacture of automobile fabrics before its conversion to office space.</p><br>
<p>The House at 68 Maple Street is an historic building located on the corner of Maple Street and Nonantum Road in the village of Newton Corner, in Newton, Massachusetts. Built in the late 1840s, the two-story wood-frame building is a rare local example of a vernacular square hip-roofed Italianate house. Its most prominent features are its overscaled brackets, which decorate both the extended eaves and the roof line of the bay on the front facade.</p><br>
<p>On September 4, 1986, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The McDonalds Sign, also known as McDonalds Store #433 Sign, in Pine Bluff, Arkansas, United States, is one of only a few surviving examples of a single-arch McDonalds sign. The sign was erected in 1962 and remained at its original location until 2007. That year, McDonalds Store #433 moved and the sign was renovated and moved to the new location. The McDonald&#39;s sign was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places in 2006.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The neighborhood of South Main Street in Pine Bluff was mostly residential until the mid-20th-century, when commercial enterprises began to appear in the area. In 1962, owner Mike Retzer built McDonald&#39;s Store #433 at 1300 South Main Street. The building the standard corporate design for the era: a red, white and yellow motif with arches projecting through the roof. The restaurant opened on July 3, 1962.</p><br>
<p>In August 2007, it was announced that the location would close by years end. A new building was built in the 2800 block of South Olive Street, about two miles from the original location. Initially, it was unknown what the signs fate would be; by September 2007, it was announced that the sign would move to the new location.</p><br>
<p>In September, the sign was dismantled and transported to Skylite Sign & Neon in Mabelvale, Arkansas, for renovation work that lasted until the next month.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>The McDonald&#39;s sign in Pine Bluff represents a transition between the "Speedee" sign and the now-ubiquitous double golden arches. The design featured in Pine Bluff was used for one year and was relatively rare even when it was being used, even more so today.</p><br>
<p>Typical of the single-arch style from McDonald&#39;s early years, the Pine Bluff sign has plastic panels held in a metal frame and red advertising space midway up the sign. The sign was manufactured by Sign Crafters of Evansville, Indiana and the plastic sheeting was made by Rohm & Haas Company of Philadelphia.</p><br>
<p>Ray Kroc designed the sign after seeing an image of the McDonald family crest. The arch itself evokes modernism. In Orange Roofs, Golden Arches: The Architecture of American Chain Restaurants Phillip Langdon stated the arch was symbolic of a "buoyant spirit: a feeling of skyward momentum, symbolic of an aerospace age in which man could hurtle himself into the heavens." Langdon goes on to state that the purpose of the McDonald&#39;s arch was to bring a sense of structural modernism in a roadside hamburger stand.</p><br>
<h2>Historic significance</h2><br>
<p>The USA National Register of Historic Places added the Pine Bluff McDonalds sign to its listings on August 21, 2006, as McDonalds Store #433 Sign. McDonalds has used a variety of designs for its signs; consequently, early examples are exceedingly rare. The sign in Pine Bluff, Arkansas only known surviving example of an early single arch McDonald&#39;s sign, is also a good example of a rare early backlit plastic sign. Backlit plastic signs were popularized post-World War II and revolutionized the sign industry through the 1950s and 60s.</p><br>
<p>It remains unclear how many single-arch McDonalds signs still exist. One was still in use in Biloxi, Mississippi, until it was destroyed in 2005s Hurricane Katrina. The store on MacArthur Boulevard in Springfield, Illinois, had a single arch up until 2006. Others exist in Magnolia, New Jersey; Green Bay, Wisconsin; St Clair Shores, Michigan; Warren, Michigan; Montrose, Colorado; Independence, Missouri; Winter Haven, Florida; Belleville, Illinois; and Muncie, Indiana. Another is on display in The Henry Ford museum in Dearborn, Michigan. The sign in Pine Bluff was the only such sign that had its own listing on the National Register, though a few others may exist as contributing properties within historic districts. It is likely that most single-arch signs were incorporated into private collections.</p><br>
<p>The former First Church of Christ, Scientist, built in 1940, is an historic Christian Science church building located at 391 Walnut Street on the corner of Otis Street in the village of Newtonville, in Newton, Massachusetts. It was designed in the redbrick Colonial Revival style by Densmore, LeClear and Robbins, architects. Due to cost constraints, its steeple was added later. In September, 2004, the church sold its building for $1,050,000 to be converted into apartments. The church in 2007 held services in rented rooms at 300 Walnut Street in the Masonic Building., but is now meeting at 1141 Walnut Street, in Newton Highlands. The building has since been divided into 11 condominium units. It is now called the Oxford House, and was the city&#39;s first inclusionary zoning project.</p><br>
<p>The building is a contributing property in the Newtonville Historic District, which was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 4, 1986.</p><br>
<p>The Reynolds Homestead, also known as Rock Spring Plantation, is a slave plantation turned historical site on Homestead Lane in Critz, Virginia. First developed in 1814 by slaveowner Abram Reynolds, it was the primary home of R. J. Reynolds , founder of the R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, and the first major marketer of the cigarette. Upon liberation of the plantation in 1863, 88 people were freed from captivity and enslavement. It was later designated a National Historic Landmark in 1977. The homestead is currently an outreach facility of Virginia Tech, serving as a regional cultural center. The house is open for tours.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Reynolds Homestead is located in a rural area of eastern Patrick County, Virginia, about one mile north of the village of Critz. The estate house is a two-story brick building with a hip roof, from which an older two-story ell extends. Outbuildings of the plantation complex include a large corn crib, a brick kitchen, milkhouse, and icehouse. The Reynolds family cemetery is located near the house and across a field is the slave cemetery. The house has been restored to its nineteenth century state and includes many of the original family furnishings.</p><br>
<p>The property was first developed by Abram Reynolds, who built a log cabin near where the main house stands. His son, Hardin W. Reynolds, developed the estate in the mid-19th century, and it here that his son, R. J. Reynolds was born and lived for the first 24 years of his life. Reynolds achieved early economic success selling plug tobacco, but made an instant success out of the introduction of the Camel cigarette brand, which he marketed and advertised widely.</p><br>
<p>Reynolds moved out of the family homestead in 1874. It remained within the family, but in declining condition, into the mid-20th century. In 1968, Nancy Susan Reynolds, R.J.&#39;s only surviving child, purchased over 700 acre of the original plantation, most of which she gave to Virginia Tech, retaining life interest in the homestead, which was carefully restored. The property is now managed by Virginia Tech, and includes a continuing education center managed by its Department of Outreach and International Affairs. It hosts educational and cultural events, and the house is open for tours for both individuals and groups.</p><br>
<p>The Octagon House, also known as Mays Folly, is a historic octagon house at 527 1st Avenue in Columbus, Georgia. Built about 1830 and enlarged in 1863, it is claimed by the local historical society to be the nations only known example of a double-octagon house. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1973.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>May&#39;s Folly is located in central Columbus, on the west side of 1st Avenue between 5th and 6th Streets. It is a single-story wood-frame structure, consisting of a front octagonal section and a rear rectangular one. The front section is topped by an octagonal roof with a cupola at the center, and the walls are sheathed in clapboards. The front entrance is sheltered by an elaborate Gothic Revival portico. The interior of this section has the basic form of a Greek cross built around a central chimney, with the angled sections filled with triangular closets and vestibules. The rear of the house, which is its older section, is rectangular, but architectural investigation of the structure has uncovered evidence that it was also at one time octagonal in shape, and was probably made rectangular at the time the front section was built.</p><br>
<p>The older rear portion of the house was built about 1830, and was until 1852 home to Alfred Iverson, Sr., a United States senator. In 1863 the house was purchased by Leander May, a cabinetmaker who is credited with construction of the main octagonal structure. May sold the house in 1865, and it passed through a succession of hands before becoming in 1967 the first real estate acquisition of Historic Columbus, a local historic preservation organization. It is now in private hands.</p><br>
<p>The Smith–Appleby House Museum is a historic house museum in Smithfield, Rhode Island. It is now home to the Smithfield Historical Society.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Elisha Smith, a grandson of one of Rhode Island&#39;s co-founders, John Smith, "The Miller," built the original part of this house, a small stone-ender, in 1696. The house was enlarged to a saltbox configuration c. 1713, adding chambers to the side and rear of the central chimney. Around 1750 the roof was raised on the rear section, giving the house the full -story height it has today. Between then and 1830 the house underwent a number of further alterations and enlargements, including the c. 1800 attachment of a second house (hauled from Johnston) that nearly doubled its living space. The relocation of Stillwater Road in the 19th century as a consequence of the creation of Georgiaville Pond also resulted in a reconfiguration of the house, functionally reversing the front and rear.</p><br>
<p>The original farm grounds contained mills and a blacksmith shop on 700 acre.</p><br>
<p>The Smith–Appleby House Museum is open for tours during scheduled events, or tours may be arranged on request.</p><br>
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<p>Smith Appleby House-side view 2013.jpg</p><br>
<p>Smith Appleby House-2013.jpg</p><br>
<p>Smith Appleby House flare 2013.jpg</p><br>
<p>Saylers Creek Battlefield, near Farmville, Virginia, was the site of the Battle of Saylers Creek of the American Civil War. Confederate general Robert E. Lees army was retreating from the Richmond to the Petersburg line. Here, on April 6, 1865, Union general Philip Sheridan cut off and beat back about a quarter of Lees depleted army. Eight Confederate generals surrendered, and 7,700 men were lost. Confederate Major General George Washington Custis Lee, eldest son of Robert E. Lee, was forcibly captured on the battlefield by Private David Dunnels White of the 37th Massachusetts Regiment. The battle was the last major engagement of the war in Virginia; Lees surrender at Appomattox occurred three days later. A portion of the landmarked battlefield area is included in Sailors Creek Battlefield Historical State Park. The Civil War Trust  and its partners have acquired and preserved 885 acres of the battlefield in five transactions since 1996.</p><br>
<p>The battle was composed of three separate engagements, which may be termed the Battle of Hillsmans Farm, the Battle of Marshalls Cross Roads (or Battle of Harpers Farm), and the Battle of Locketts Farm (or Battle of Double Bridges).</p><br>
<p>The park is located on Virginia routes 617, 618, and 619 between Farmville and Burkeville, in Amelia and Prince Edward counties. From 1865 to the area&#39;s nomination for the National Register of Historic Places in 1984, the area saw little development, and remained much as it was during the battles. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1985.</p><br>
<p>Areas in the National Historic Landmark site include four portions, of 800 acre, 215 acre, 5 acre, and 0.6 acre. These are indicated on topographical maps included in the version of the NRHP documents provided by the Virginia Department of Historic Resources. The current state park covers only 321 acre.</p><br>
<p>Costumed interpreters station the park throughout the year. Living history performers are active in the park during the anniversary of the battle every April.</p><br>
<p>The land was originally named in the 18th century for a farmer named Saylor. During the Civil War, the name was changed to Sayler. Some official records called it Sailor, the spelling that the Commonwealth of Virginia uses in its name for the related park.</p><br>
<p>The Old Colony House, also known as Old State House or Newport Colony House, is located at the east end of Washington Square in the city of Newport, Rhode Island, United States. It is a brick Georgian-style building completed in 1741, and was the meeting place for the colonial legislature. From independence in 1776 to the early 20th century, the state legislature alternated its sessions between here and the Rhode Island State House in Providence.</p><br>
<p>The building has received little alteration since its construction. As one of the best-maintained surviving Georgian public buildings in the United States from the colonial era, it was designated a National Historic Landmark (NHL) in 1960. It is also a contributing property to the Newport Historic District, later designated an NHL itself. The building is still owned by the state, but managed as a museum by the Newport Historical Society.</p><br>
<p>Besides its political and architectural importance, the building was the site of many important Revolutionary events in Rhode Island. George Washington and Dwight Eisenhower have both been guests at the building. It has been used as a barracks, hospital, courthouse and a location for a Steven Spielberg film.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The two-and-a-half-story seven-bay front facade looks down the square to the similar Brick Market (now the Museum of Newport History), another NHL. The entryway is matched by a door and balcony immediately above it, capped by a trapezoidal gable with two round windows and a clock flanked by a pair of dormer windows on either side. Atop the roof is an octagonal cupola. It sits atop a raised basement.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Previous to the construction of the Colony House, the site had been home to a small wooden courthouse built in 1687. The new building was among several projects undertaken as an attempt to apply formal planning to the development of Newport, which had previously lacked it. By putting the home of the colonial assembly at the top of the Parade (as Washington Square was then known), the town&#39;s leadership hoped to create a public space similar to that found in the English cities they or their parents had emigrated from.</p><br>
<p>Architect Richard Mundays design, one of his last, emulates Christopher Wrens buildings on the exterior but incorporates an interior layout similar to that of English town or guild halls. The first floor was thus an open space that could be used as a market, with civic offices upstairs.</p><br>
<h3>Revolution</h3><br>
<p>Many of the events leading up to and surrounding the Revolution in Rhode Island centered on the Colony House. In 1761, news of the death of King George II and his succession by his grandson George III was announced from the balcony. Three years later, the inaugural board meeting of the Corporation of the College in the English Colony of Rhode Island, which became Brown University, took place in the building. In 1765, Newport&#39;s citizens gathered around to celebrate the repeal of the Stamp Act, which led to riots that damaged the houses of three prominent supporters of the Act, including the nearby Wanton-Lyman-Hazard House, an NHL which is today the oldest house in the city.</p><br>
<p>Tensions between the colonies and Britain continued to grow, leading to the Gaspée Affair of 1772, in which a ship of the Royal Navy was burned off present-day Warwick by colonists resisting the enforcement of the Navigation Acts. The Royal Commission of Inquiry into the incident was convened at Colony House the following year. Although it could have sent any suspects to London to face trial before an Admiralty court, a provision which greatly concerned most colonists, it found insufficient evidence to prosecute anyone.</p><br>
<p>The incident further galvanized colonial opposition to British rule. The colonys General Assembly began preparing for war, and ordered that weapons be stored in Colony House in 1774. Two years later, the Declaration of Independence was read from the front steps. The British occupied Newport, then the colonial capital, later that year. During that time the building was used as a barracks. When the French joined the war later and drove the British out of the city, they used the building as a hospital. It is widely believed that a French Army chaplain celebrated Rhode Islands first Roman Catholic Mass at Colony House during this period, but no evidence has been found of this. After the surrender at Yorktown, in 1782, Rochambeau held a banquet in the building&#39;s first-floor Great Hall to honor George Washington. A portrait of Washington, painted by Rhode Island native Gilbert Stuart, hangs in the first floor. In 1786 Trevett v. Weeden one of the earliest cases of judicial review was decided in the building by the Rhode Island Supreme Court.Power of Federal Judiciary Over Legislation</p><br>
<p>by John Hampden Dougherty (Putnam, 1912) pg. 28-32 James Mitchell Varnum successfully represented the defendant in the cause.</p><br>
<h3>1842 Constitutional convention</h3><br>
<p>In September 1842, delegates met at Colony House to draft a new constitution to replace the 1663 Royal Charter. The convention, held as a response to the Dorr Rebellion, debated questions of expansion of citizenship and suffrage. Prior to 1842, the vote was held only by a small minority of rural elite landowners.</p><br>
<p>By November 1842, a new Constitution was put before the voters of the state. The new Constitution, which passed 7024 to 51,</p><br>
<h3>19th century</h3><br>
<p>The occupation of Newport had forced the colonists to establish their capital at Providence, and it remained there after independence. But the state legislature continued to meet in Newport every other year, and one day each May known as Lection Day. After the ceremonial meeting, results of the states April elections would be announced, and the winners inaugurated on the spot. It was Newport&#39;s most important holiday for many years.</p><br>
<p>In 1900, with Rhode Islands current capitol building mostly complete, the legislature ended its tradition of alternating sessions between the states two largest cities. It subsequently became the Newport County courthouse.</p><br>
<h3>20th century</h3><br>
<p>It continued to serve as the courthouse until 1926. Afterwards, it and the other two future NHLs nearby were the first three historic nearby buildings renovated by Norman Isham at the behest of the Newport Historical Society. That work was completed in 1932.</p><br>
<p>In 1957, the building received its first sitting American president, Dwight D. Eisenhower. In a short speech from the steps, he began a two-day visit to the city and its historic sites by praising the city&#39;s hospitality and expressing regret that his wife, who had accompanied him from Washington, could not join him at the building. "It is her great ambition to visit so many of these places," he said, "particularly those where the heroes of the Revolutionary times spent so much of their time."</p><br>
<p>His administration its last year designated the building one of the first National Historic Landmarks in 1960. Six years after that, it was duly listed on the inaugural National Register of Historic Places. Newports well-preserved historic character drew Steven Spielberg to the city in 1997, where it stood in for mid-19th century New Haven, Connecticut, during principal photography for Amistad. Colony Houses exterior can be seen in the background in a few scenes, and the courtroom scenes were filmed inside. Rhode Island Senate majority leader M. Teresa Paiva-Weed, who represents the area, got the Senate to pass a resolution calling for the legislature to again meet in Newport on the centenary of their last meeting there in 1900.</p><br>
<p>The Newport Historical Society manages the building for the state, which still owns it. It is open as a museum for tours during the summer months. It is also available for event rentals.</p><br>
<p>The Masonic Building, located at 296 to 304 Walnut Street and 456 to 460 Newtonville Avenue in the village of Newtonville, in Newton, Massachusetts in the United States, is a historic building built in 1896 as a Masonic Lodge hall. It is a massive four-story redbrick Renaissance-style building with a turret on the corner and a steep slate pyramid roof. The upper floors are still used for meetings of Masonic lodges and appendant orders, while the lower floors are used for retail and office purposes. The building was approved for listing on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986, but due to owner objection it was not listed. However, it was included as a contributing property to the Newtonville Historic District when that district was expanded in 1990.</p><br>
<p>The First Baptist Church is an historic American Baptist church located at 164 South Cherry Street in Poughkeepsie, Dutchess County, New York. It was built between 1875 and 1877, and consists of a rectangular main church section, front entry pavilion, and tall rectangular bell tower. The brick building features Gothic arched openings and stone tracery.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<p>The architectural design of the Baptist Church erected on the former site of the Temperance Hall on Mill Street was placed in the hands of the committee by Mr. James Strang Post, Architect, in July 1874. The edifice built has a frontage of seventy feet and a depth of one hundred and sixty feet; tower one hundred and eighty feet in height. The materials used are pressed brick, with Ohio and blue stone trimmings. The seating capacity was estimated to be about one thousand. The whole cost in 1874 was to be in the neighborhood of $55,000. The work commenced 1 August 1874.US</p><br>
<p>New York</p><br>
<p>Poughkeepsie</p><br>
<p>Poughkeepsie Journal</p><br>
<p>1874</p><br>
<p>Page 3</p><br>
<p>Temperance Hall, Mill Street - new Baptist Church</p><br>
<p>The Corner Stone ceremony was reported in the Poughkeepsie Eagle News 11 Aug 1875, page 3. Many documents and articles of the time were deposited in the Corner Stone and listed in the newspaper article. The Corner Stone is made of brown stone and cut in relief on its outside was the year 1875. Inside the Corner Stone included the name of the architect James Strang Post, the many church officials, those present at the ceremony as well as a Honor Roll of those persons donating $1 or more to the building project fund. The church was organized in 1800. Its first church building was built in 1808 and removed in 1874 to prepare for the new structure in 1875. A larger house of worship was utilized in 1839 in Lafayette Place. The building of the 1875 structure allowed the two smaller houses of worship a facility large enough for all to attend.Poughkeepsie Eagle-News</p><br>
<p>Poughkeepsie, New York</p><br>
<p>11 Aug 1875, Wed • Page 3</p><br>
<p>The St. Anthony, a Luxury Collection Hotel, San Antonio is a historic 10-story hotel in downtown San Antonio, Texas, USA. Built in 1909, it was considered one of the most luxurious hotels in the United States and hosted a wide range of film stars, royalty, and other famous guests. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The St. Anthony Hotel was constructed by cattlemen B. L. Naylor and Augustus H. Jones. The men believed that San Antonio was destined to become an important tourist destination and that a luxury hotel would bring an influx of wealthy people coming to the city. it was designed by architect James Flood Walker and opened in 1909, with 210 rooms.</p><br>
<p>The St. Anthony was the first luxury hotel in the city. All the rooms had mahogany moldings and furnishings and telephones, Half of the rooms had private baths. It also featured doors which opened automatically, and electric lights that turned off when the patron locked their hotel room door. It was so technologically advanced that it was considered among the world&#39;s most modern hotels.</p><br>
<p>The St. Anthony proved so popular that the owners had Walker design a 220-room addition, which opened in January 1910. Jones died in the hotel&#39;s lobby in 1913, while serving as the mayor of San Antonio.</p><br>
<p>The hotel was sold to W.N. Robinson of Kansas City, Missouri in 1924. The cast and crew of the Best Picture Oscar-winning film Wings, including Clara Bow and Gary Cooper, stayed at the hotel throughout late 1926 and early 1927, during the movie&#39;s lengthy shoot at nearby Kelly Field.</p><br>
<p>In the depths of the Great Depression, the hotel fell on difficult times. It began to deteriorate, and the banks foreclosed on the owners. Ralph W. Morrison, civic leader and rancher, purchased the hotel in 1935 for $475,000. He renovated the hotel, adding two stories on top and redesigning the facade, so the 1909 and 1910 wings matched. The new top floor contained a ballroom, the Rainbow Terrace. The hotel also added air conditioning, becoming the first fully-functioning air-conditioned hotel in the world. Morrison purchased an extensive art collection to hang in the public spaces, and oriental carpets and French Empire furnishings for the public lounges.</p><br>
<p>In 1940, Morrison hired architect John W. Marriott to add a third wing to the hotel, filling the remainder of the city block facing Travis Park. The new wing also added an innovative motor lobby, with a drive-thru registration desk and gas station for automobile travelers. Morrison died in 1948, and ownership passed to his trust. In 1959, internationally-famed designer Dorothy Draper was hired to redecorate the hotel&#39;s interiors. She also created the St. Anthony Club, a restaurant that became well known for its excellent food. John Wayne stayed at the hotel in 1960, while attending the nearby premiere of his epic film The Alamo.</p><br>
<p>San Antonio financier William Ocshe bought the hotel from the Morrison trust in 1971. In April 1981, Ochse sold the hotel to Inter-Continental Hotels, which renamed it the St. Anthony Inter-Continental San Antonio. The hotel was renovated from 1982-1983, at a cost of $27 million.</p><br>
<p>In 1988, the hotel was sold to Fu Investments of San Francisco and became The St. Anthony again, managed by Park Lane Hotels. In March 1996, Park Lane contracted with Crowne Plaza Hotels to manage the property, and it became the Crowne Plaza St. Anthony Hotel.</p><br>
<p>In January 1998, American Property Management Inc. of Albuquerque, New Mexico bought the hotel. They contracted with Wyndham Hotels to franchise the property, which became The St. Anthony - Wyndham Grand Heritage Hotel in November 1998. In 2001, the hotel was sold to New York-based Apollo Investments and Prescott Realty Group. Wyndham assumed direct management of the hotel in October 2001, and it became The St. Anthony - A Wyndham Historic Hotel. In 2011, the hotel was renamed The St. Anthony Riverwalk Wyndham Hotel. The hotel was extensively renovated from 2012-2015. It left Wyndham in 2014 and became The St. Anthony Hotel again.</p><br>
<p>On November 19, 2011, the hotel celebrated its grand reopening, managed by The Luxury Collection division of Marriott International as The St. Anthony, a Luxury Collection Hotel, San Antonio.</p><br>
<h2>Famous guests</h2><br>
<p>The St. Anthony Hotel has hosted a number of famous people. These include President Franklin D. Roosevelt, President Dwight D. Eisenhower, General Douglas MacArthur, Vice President John Nance Garner, and humorist Will Rogers. Lyndon B. Johnson spent his honeymoon there. The Newton Gang often resided there in the winter. The hotel was also home to the cast of the first film to win the Academy Award for Best Picture, Wings. Stars of the film that stayed at the hotel included Richard Arlen, Charles "Buddy" Rogers and Clara Bow.</p><br>
<p>In 2012, the hotel hosted the Arena Football University. At this event, arena football teams meet with vendors and league officials to discuss the upcoming season.</p><br>
<h2>Famous deaths</h2><br>
<p>Samuel Gompers, president of the American Federation of Labor, died in the hotel on December 13, 1924.</p><br>
<p>Texas politician Robert L. Bobbitt lived in the St. Anthony for the last year of his life prior to his death in 1972.</p><br>
<p>In the moments leading up to his death, Major General Frederick Funston, who President Woodrow Wilson favored as leader of the American Expeditionary Force in the First World War, was relaxing in the lobby of the hotel listening to The Blue Danube Waltz. After commenting, "How beautiful it all is," he collapsed from a massive painful heart attack (myocardial infarction) and died on February 19, 1917. He was holding six-year old Inez Harriet Silverberg in his arms. Wilson was forced to choose General John Pershing as a replacement.</p><br>
<p>Guilford is a historic neighborhood in the northern part of Baltimore, Maryland.</p><br>
<p>It is bounded on the south by University Parkway, on the west by North Charles Street, Warrenton and Linkwood Roads, on the north by Cold Spring Lane and on the east by York Road/Greenmount Avenue.</p><br>
<p>The neighborhood is adjacent to the neighborhoods of Tuscany-Canterbury, Loyola-Notre Dame, Kernewood, Wilson Park, Pen Lucy, Waverly, Oakenshawe, Charles Village.</p><br>
<p>Guilford is located near Johns Hopkins University, Loyola University Maryland and Notre Dame of Maryland University.</p><br>
<p>The neighborhood was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first known resident of the area was General McDonald who fought for the Continental army during the Revolutionary War. The area was supposedly named after the Battle of Guilford Court House in North Carolina, in which McDonald was wounded. His son William McDonald inherited his estate in 1850 and built the Guilford Mansion. In 1872, the property was purchased by Baltimore Sun founder, Arunah S. Abell, and would remain in his family for 35 years.</p><br>
<p>In 1907, the property was purchased by the Guilford Park Company who wanted to develop the area into a sophisticated suburban neighborhood on the edge of expanding Baltimore. In 1911 they consolidated with the Roland Park Company and together purchased 210 acres in North Baltimore. Frederick Law Olmsted Jr. was hired to do the landscape and street design. He is responsible for giving the neighborhood its distinct curving streets and terrain. The plan included three parks, "Little Park," "Stratford Green, and "Sunken Park. In 1939 a fourth park was created called "Guilford Gateways."</p><br>
<p>The company spared no expense on utilities, streets, drains and other infrastructure to create a modern and an attractive living destination for the Baltimore elite. The houses were designed by some of the most prominent Baltimore architects of the era, included Edward L. Palmer, Bayard Turnbull, John Russell Pope, W. D. Lamdin and Laurence Hall Fowler. The houses were primarily built in brick or stone and were designed in the popular revival styles of the early 20th century.</p><br>
<p>In 1913, the new neighborhood opened to much local praise. After the completed sales of all the houses in Guilford, the Company allocated the Guilford Association to maintain the integrity of the neighborhood. The Association upholds the covenants of the Deed and Agreement left by the Roland Park Company; these included a racial covenant excluding African American property ownership until such covenants were deemed legally unenforceable.</p><br>
<p>Since 1965, Sherwood Gardens has been a park known for its annual tulip blooms. The land had initially been part of the estate of A.S. Abell in the 1800s, but by the 1920s and the development of the Guilford neighborhood, the land belonged to industrialist, John W. Sherwood. Sherwood began to plant tulips imported from the Netherlands, as well as other flowers. He also began the tradition of allowing the public to visit his garden each May. On Sherwood&#39;s death in 1965, the Guilford Association acquired the gardens and later transferred them to another 501(c)(3) organization, Stratford Green, Inc., which made the park accessible to the public year-round. It has become a significant tourist destination.</p><br>
<h2>Notable people</h2><br>
<p>Notable residents of Guilford include:</p><br>
<p>Max Brödel (1870–1941), medical illustrator.</p><br>
<p>Maria Briscoe Croker (1875 –1962), poet and first Poet Laureate of Maryland.</p><br>
<p>Frederic Ogden Nash (1902-1971), poet and lyricist.</p><br>
<p>Dawn Chanté Flythe Moore (born 1975), policy advisor, campaign strategist, philanthropist and First Lady of Maryland.</p><br>
<p>Wes Moore (born 1978), veteran, entrepreneur, author, and governor of Maryland.</p><br>
<p>Mabel Garrison Siemonn (1886–1963), opera singer.</p><br>
<p>Henry Ernest Treide (1884–1969), industrialist and patron of the arts.</p><br>
<p>Grace Turnbull (1880-1976), painter, sculptor and writer. Her Guilford house and studio were designed by her brother, Bayard, and still stand.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>Guilford has been featured in books and movies.</p><br>
<p>In Laura Lippman&#39;s 1998 debut novel Baltimore Blues, Guilford is the home of a prominent lawyer and his socialite wife. The protagonist amateur detective, Tess Monaghan, visits them while investigating a case. Guilford is described as bucolic, and full of mansions and old money.</p><br>
<p>Filmmaker, John Waters, famously lived and filmed in Guilford at 3900 Greenmount Avenue. He lived there in 1972 with his friend and collaborator, Mink Stole. His film Pink Flamingos was shot in part at the house, which served as Connie and Raymond Marble&#39;s home. The house and the "3900" yard sign (which Mink Stole purloined as a souvenir for Waters) were featured in the recent "John Waters: Pope of Trash" exhibit at the Academy Museum of Motion Pictures in Los Angeles.</p><br>
<p>The Church of the Open Word is a historic Swedenborgian church building located at 19 Highland Avenue in the village of Newtonville, in Newton, Massachusetts. The congregation was organized in 1860 and a wooden chapel was erected on the rear of this property. The stone Gothic Revival building was erected on the front of the property in 1893.</p><br>
<p>The building is a contributing property in the Newtonville Historic District, which was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 4, 1986.</p><br>
<p>Shack Mountain is a house near Charlottesville, Virginia, that is a tribute to Thomas Jeffersons architectural style. It was designed by and for Fiske Kimball , an architectural historian who was the founder of the University of Virginia School of Architecture, and who is credited with restoring respect for Jeffersons architectural ability. The house derives its name from the Shackelford family, who owned and settled the property in the 18th century.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Intended as a retirement home for Kimball, the house is based on Jeffersons design for Farmington. The house was built in 1935–36. Like Jefferson at Monticello, Kimball found a site with a commanding view of the wooded hills around Charlottesville. Kimballs intended name for the house was Tusculum, but the name "Shack Mountain," for earlier owners of the property, remained. Kimball and his wife Marie used the house as a retreat, mainly at Christmas and for two weeks in June, until they both died in 1955. They willed the house to the Philadelphia Museum of Art, where Kimball had been director. The museum sold the house to W. Bedford Moore III, a professor of engineering at the University of Virginia.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The one-story, T-shaped house features a projecting octagonal space to either side at the front. Fronting the elongated side of the octagon is a Tuscan portico with paired stucco columns. Windows are mostly triple-hung sashes. The roof is a shallow standing-seam metal hipped structure that defers to the portico. Exterior balustrades are in the Chinese Chippendale pattern. Entry is through the portico, with the front door leading into a shallow round vestibule projecting into the half-octagonal parlor to the left side with a curved door, an adaptation of Pavilion IX at the University of Virginia. A corresponding alcove leads to the cross corridor, while another door leads to the dining room which occupies the right side of the front octagonal volume. A wing to the rear contains kitchens and bedrooms, none of which are of unusual design. A basement houses utility spaces.</p><br>
<p>Shack Mountain was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on September 1, 1976, and was declared a National Historic Landmark on October 5, 1992, for its association with Kimball.</p><br>
<p>The house is located about 2 mi north-northwest of Charlottesville.</p><br>
<p>The Crane Island Historic District is a historic district of vacation properties on Crane Island in Lake Minnetonka, part of the city of Minnetrista, Minnesota, United States. It consists of a number of private residential summer cottages and some communal amenities. Although it was originally developed by parishioners of the Presbyterian Church, it is now a secular association that welcomes all. The island was designated a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<p>Lake Minnetonka had been a popular recreation area after the American Civil War, drawing vacationers from the eastern and southern United States and later from Minneapolis as it grew. Crane Island had escaped development because it had been a heron rookery. A storm in 1906 blew down most of the trees from the center of the island. The herons moved to the nearby Wawatasso Island. Charles E. Woodward had been spending his summer vacation in the nearby town of Mound, and he explored the island after the storm out of curiosity. He figured the land would be ideal for cottages, so he organized a group from Bethlehem Presbyterian Church and formed the Crane Island Association.</p><br>
<p>The association bought the island and surveyed a number of lots for development. The association established a commons area in the center of the island with a caretaker&#39;s lodge, an icehouse, and a tennis court. The commons area was modeled on the kind of commons in New England, where all neighbors would use common grazing land. Owners of the cottages could take the Great Northern Railway to the depots at Mound or Spring Park and then charter a private boat to the island. The yellow streetcar boats of Twin City Rapid Transit also made two daily stops at the island between mid-May and September.</p><br>
<p>Writer Marjorie Myers Douglas spent summers on the island from 1917, when she was five years old, until she had finished college. Her book Barefoot on Crane Island chronicles many of her personal experiences with summers she spent on the island.</p><br>
<p>The Capitol Center is a high-rise office building in downtown Salem, Oregon, United States. Finished in 1927, it was originally known as the First National Bank Building and owned by Salem businessman Thomas A. Livesley. The eleven story building was designed by architect Leigh L. Dougan and is the tallest office building in Salem. Located at State and Liberty streets it is part of Salem&#39;s downtown historic district and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1986 as the Old First National Bank Building.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Thomas Livesley who had made his fortune in hops, hired Leigh L. Dougan to design a skyscraper to be built in Salem. At the time, Livesley was the vice president of the Oregon Linen Mills, with Livesley financing the project. Construction began in July 1926 by Hammond & Hammond Company. Named the First National Bank Building, it opened at the beginning of 1927. Livesley was the incorporator of the bank in 1923.</p><br>
<p>When it opened the building was controversial with some describing it as unattractive while others calling it a monument. They would sell the building for $3.1 million to the investor group Salem Gargoyle in January 1997.</p><br>
<p>In April 2003, the building was purchased by Roger Yost for $4.65 million, after he had already purchased the nearby Reed Opera House. Also known as the Capitol Tower, parts of the high-rise were remodeled by Yost, including the installation of new elevators and refurbishing the seventh floor.</p><br>
<h2>Details</h2><br>
<p>Located on State Street in downtown Salem, the structure rises 151 feet (46 m) to the top of its parapet wall, and contains eleven floors. Capitol Center is 164 ft tall as measured to the top of its tallest antenna.</p><br>
<p>Constructed of a reinforced concrete frame, the exterior walls are lined with a Florentine sandstone that is light pink in color. There is a total of 49,700 ft&sup2; of usable floor space in the building.</p><br>
<p>The Equitable Building is a historic commercial office building located in Denver, Colorado.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Standing at a height of 125 feet with 9 stories, the steel-framed office tower became the tallest building in the city upon its completion in 1892, and retained that title until 1911, when it was surpassed by the Daniels & Fisher Tower. It is an excellent example of the Italian Renaissance Revival architecture of its day, with its numerous sets of arched windows and the ornately carved granite that define its appearance.</p><br>
<p>The building, designed by Andrews, Jaques & Rantoul and built during the Denver building boom of the early 1890s, was highly cutting edge for its time in its utilization of many recent technological advances, and its self-sufficient infrastructure. As is mentioned in its NRHP designation, "To this day, the artesian well in the basement still runs the elevators, of which there are eight. All the rooms had radiators; most had water closets and hot and cold water, and many also had gas fireplaces." The construction costs of the building amounted to $1.5 million.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on January 9, 1978.</p><br>
<p>The American Peace Society House, also known as the Glover House, is a historic house at 734 Jackson Place NW, facing Lafayette Square in the heart of Washington, D.C. Built in 1878 for banker and philanthropist Charles Carroll Glover, it is most notable as the national headquarters of the American Peace Society from 1911 to 1948. The Peace Society was one of the first overtly pacifist organizations in the nation, with a history dating to 1815. The house was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1974.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The former American Peace Society House stands on the west side of Jackson Place, the street flanking Lafayette Square&#39;s west side. It is one of a series of row houses, built of brick with sandstone trim. It is three stories in height, with a two-bay front facade. The entrance is in the right bay, and the left bay has a two-story polygonal projecting bay. Windows are framed by bracketed hoods that are segmental arches on the first floor, and shallow gables on the upper levels. The entrance is set under a bracketed segmented-arch opening with flanking paneled pilasters.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1878, and its first prominent occupant was Charles Carroll Glover, a prominent Washington banker and philanthropist. In 1902 it was briefly occupied by the War College Board. From 1911 to 1947 it served as the headquarters of the American Peace Society. The Society has its origins in a number of local and state peace societies organized in the early decades of the 19th century, the oldest of which, the New York Peace Society, was founded in 1815. In 1828 these disparate groups came together, creating the nation&#39;s first organization dedicated to the promotion of international peace.</p><br>
<p>In the 1970s the house was occupied by the American Revolution Bicentennial Commission, by which time it had been combined by the creation of openings in party walls with one of the adjacent units. The series of rowhouses it is part of now belong to the federal government, and are managed by the General Services Administration.</p><br>
<p>The Herndon Home is a historic house museum and National Historic Landmark at 587 University Place NW, in Atlanta, Georgia. An elegant Classical Revival mansion with Beaux Arts influences, it was the home of Alonzo Franklin Herndon , a rags-to-riches success story who was born into slavery, but went on to become Atlanta&#39;s first black millionaire as founder and head of the Atlanta Life Insurance Company. The house was designed by his wife Adrienne, and was almost entirely built with African-American labor. The house was declared a National Historic Landmark in 2000, and had previously been declared a "landmark building exterior" by the city of Atlanta in 1989.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Herndon Home is located in Atlanta&#39;s Vine City neighborhood, adjacent to the campus of Morris Brown College (formerly the campus of Atlanta University) on the north side of University Place NW. It is a two-story rectangular structure, faced in brick, with a flat, balustraded roof, porches projecting from the sides, and a massive neoclassical entrance portico, supported by large paired columns. The entrance is framed by wide sidelight windows and topped by a semi-oval transom, all windows displaying etching and tracery. The building is capped by a full entablature and modillioned cornice. The flat roof is usable as an open terrace, although it was reported to be in poor condition in 2000. The building interior is elaborately fitted with original period wood, stone, and plaster. The main living rooms have murals on the wall depicting elements of the Herndon family history.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1910 for Alonzo and Adrienne Herndon. Much of the building&#39;s design is credited to Adrienne, who was a drama teacher at Atlanta University, and had intended the rooftop terrace, from which the university campus was visible, as a performance venue. According to available documentation, all of the work on the mansion, except for its electrical and plumbing systems, was performed by African-American laborers and contractors.</p><br>
<p>Alonzo Herndon was born into slavery in 1858, and was freed, while still a child, by the American Civil War. From this virtually penniless beginning, Herndon built a chain of barbershops in Atlanta, and in 1905 founded the Atlanta Life Insurance Company, which grew to become the nations largest African-American-owned insurance company, and made him a millionaire. Herndons son Norris continued to run Atlanta Life until his own death in 1955.</p><br>
<p>The vacant Herndon Building on Auburn Avenue, where Alonzo built his business, was seriously damaged in the 2008 Atlanta tornado (which also passed very close to the Herndon Home), and was demolished in late April 2008. The Herndon Building was one of three contributing properties in the Sweet Auburn Historic District associated with the life of Alonzo Herndon. The Atlanta Life Insurance Company Building and the Rucker Building are the other two.</p><br>
<h2>Herndon Foundation</h2><br>
<p>The Herndon Home is now owned by the nonprofit Alonzo F. and Norris B. Herndon Foundation, which since 1983 has operated the home. The home is open for tours. The foundation supports entrepreneurship.</p><br>
<p>The Samuel L. Smith House is located at 5035 Woodward Avenue in Midtown Detroit, Michigan. It was also known as the Schools Annex. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This house was built in 1889 for $17,000, for William C. Williams by the architectural firm of Rogers and MacFarlane in what was then a quiet neighborhood on the outskirts of Detroit. Williams was a Detroit businessman who was instrumental in organizing the Detroit College of Medicine, later incorporated into Wayne State University.</p><br>
<p>The next year, Williams sold the home to its most famous resident, Samuel L. Smith. Smith was one of the most prominent citizens of Detroit at the time, having made his fortune in lumber, shipping, mining and railroad ventures. In particular, Smith&#39;s investments in the Calumet and Hecla Mining Company made him tremendously wealthy. He later financed many automobile ventures, most notably the Olds Motor Works in the late 1890s.</p><br>
<p>Smith lived in the home for 27 years, after which it was purchased by the Detroit Music Conservatory. A few years later, the Conservatory built a two-story rear addition that connected the main house to the original carriage house. In 1960, Wayne State University purchased the building to serve as the home for WDET and WSU&#39;s Office of the Center of Instructional Technology. In 1979, the Detroit Public Schools bought the building, using it until 2003 when WSU repurchased it.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Samuel L. Smith House is a three-story, cross-gabled Queen Anne building with Romanesque and Colonial Revival</p><br>
<p>elements. The house is square in plan, and constructed of red brick that has since been painted a light grey. A round corner tower is on one side of the facade, balanced by a Romanesque front entry arch. A bay window is located above the main entrance. The gable ends are decorated with windows, fanlights, and other designs. The center front gable end contains swag motifs and a Colonial style window, the south gable contains a Palladian window, and the north gable a large Colonial window with a fanlight.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the house contains oak wainscoting and moldings, and many fireplaces throughout the building. A leaded glass window in the northers wall contains the coat of arms and the initials of William C. Williams. A two-story rear addition, dating from approximately 1920, connects the main house to the original two-story, red brick, cross-gabled carriage house.</p><br>
<p>The Herndon Building was a contributing property in the Sweet Auburn Historic District of Atlanta, Georgia, located across Auburn Avenue from the Odd Fellows Building and Auditorium.</p><br>
<p>Begun in 1924 and completed the following year, it was a three-story L-shaped brick building, "easily recognized by the large H located on the front facade of the building". It was used as a professional building by several different business people, including a doctor&#39;s office and a pharmacy.</p><br>
<p>Vacant and collapsing (shown on Google Maps and Street View), it was already under consideration to become a condemned property when it was seriously damaged in the 2008 Atlanta tornado. It was demolished in late April 2008 as a direct result of this. The 2008 tornado also passed very close to the Herndon Home, 1 mi west of the Herndon Building.</p><br>
<p>The Butler Street YMCA owns the property, and is located to the southwest of it just across Jesse Hill Jr. Drive. The YMCA has not announced any plans for the vacant Herndon Building site.</p><br>
<p>The Herndon Building was one of three contributing properties in the historic district which were associated with the life of Alonzo Herndon. The Atlanta Life Insurance Company Building and the Rucker Building are the other two.</p><br>
<p>Pocahontas Exhibition Coal Mine, also known as Pocahontas Mine No. 1, or Baby Mine, is an inactive coal mine in the Pocahontas Coalfield, in Pocahontas in western Virginia. The mine was the first in the sub-bituminous coal of the Pocahontas Coalfield, opening in 1882. In 1938 it became the first exhibition coal mine in the United States. Uniquely, it was possible to drive one&#39;s automobile through the mine, entering through the fan opening and exiting through the original entry. The practice continued until 1970, when it was discontinued due to damage to the roof of the mine from car exhaust.</p><br>
<p>The site is also notable for its history of coke production on site for transportation by rail to steel mills. Pocahontas coal was especially suitable for coking, and played a significant role in the industrial development of the United States. Coke and coal were shipped by rail to Norfolk, Virginia for trans-shipment to eastern US ports and overseas. Coking on the site was eventually discontinued, and the mine spoil pile covers the area where the beehive ovens were located. Only three oven ruins remain, overgrown with trees.</p><br>
<p>This mine, when active, supplied the United States Navy a majority of its coal through both world wars. Its smokeless quality allowed ships to go undetected from distances, thus giving the Navy an advantage over enemies. By the end of the second world war, coal in the "baby mine" was waning. Technology was advancing and reducing the number of miners required to do the work and allowed for the creation of the exhibition mine. In 1955 mining ceased in Pocahontas altogether.</p><br>
<p>It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1994.</p><br>
<p>Pocahontas Historic District is a national historic district located at Pocahontas in the Pocahontas coalfield, Tazewell County, Virginia. It is near Pocahontas Exhibition Coal Mine, a USA National Historic Landmark which was Mine No. 1 of the Pocahontas coalfield. The district encompasses 17 contributing buildings and 1 contributing structure in the town of Pocahontas. Notable buildings include the City Hall , the stone Episcopal Methodist Church, Catholic Church, the old brick medical dispensary, a Synagogue, the first millinery shop in the coalfields  and a Masonic Hall.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.</p><br>
<p>Quarters 1 at Fort Myer is a historic house on the grounds of Joint Base Myer–Henderson Hall in Arlington, Virginia. Built in 1899, it has been the residence of Chiefs of Staff of the USA Army since 1910, notably including George C. Marshall, Dwight D. Eisenhower and Douglas MacArthur. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1972, and is a contributing element to the Fort Myer Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Quarters 1 is one of a series of large houses that flank the west side of Whipple Field, the former parade ground of Fort Myer, and are set on a rise with views to the Potomac River and Washington, DC to the east. It is a -story brick building, with a side gable roof and a projecting front cross gable. A single-story porch spans the front and beyond to the left, creating a porte-cochere. It is supported by paired round columns on pedestals, with a spindled balustrade between. The interior of the building has only seen modest alteration since its construction, and its exterior is also little changed beyond the addition of a sun porch on one side. The house has 21 rooms and more than 10,000 ft&sup2; of living space.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1899, and has, since its occupation in 1908 by J. Franklin Bell, housed the Chief of Staff of the United States Army. Its most prominent resident was Dwight D. Eisenhower, who made his family residence here during his tenure as Chief of Staff, 1945–1948. Douglas MacArthur also lived here while he was Chief of Staff, 1930–1935.</p><br>
<p>The Rising Sun Tavern is a historic building in Fredericksburg, Virginia. It was built in about 1760 as a home by Charles Washington, youngest brother of George Washington, and became a tavern in 1792.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This house, built by the youngest brother of George Washington, was occupied by the Washington family until about 1780. The property was sold to Larkin Smith in 1791 and in 1792 was bought by Colonel Gustav Wallace who rented the building to Mr. John Frasier, who operated a tavern there. Though the tavern became known as the "Rising Sun Tavern" in the 20th century, it was actually known as the "Golden Eagle" or the "Eagle" in the 1790s. The ordinary at the old Washington family home served travelers into the 1820s under various owners.</p><br>
<p>The Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities, which is now called Preservation Virginia, purchased the building in 1907 and it was given to the Fredericksburg branch of that group to operate. In 1933, the Society of Cincinnati hosted a Sesquicentennial celebration on the property and presented Preservation Virginia with a bronze medal in appreciation of their preservation efforts. The building is filled with period furnishings and stories of early life in Fredericksburg. In mid-2012, Preservation Virginia signed an agreement passing ownership to the newly created "Washington Heritage Museums" group by 2013. The site continues to be open as a museum.</p><br>
<p>It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1964</p><br>
<p>Originally, the large front porch was not part of the structure. It was added during the tavern phase of the property. No longer serving food and drink, guides provide visitors with a lively interpretation of eighteenth-century tavern life. The site is open daily.</p><br>
<p>Saylesville is a village and historic district in Lincoln, Rhode Island.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The area was settled as a farming community in the 17th century. The historic Eleazer Arnold House (built 1693) is located near the village. The Saylesville Meeting House (built 1704) is one of the oldest surviving Quaker (Society of Friends) meeting houses in New England and one of the oldest church buildings in Rhode Island.</p><br>
<p>In the nineteenth century William F. Sayles started the Sayles Bleacheries across from Bleachery Pond at the base of the hill below the neighborhood today known as Saylesville. Saylesville was a mill town, largely built by William Sayles&#39;s son Frank Sayles as housing for workers and managers from the textile mill then known as Sayles Finishing Plants. Many of the original single and two family homes survive to this day, though more recent additions to them blur the similarity of the original housing stock. By the 1920s Frank Sayles had grown the business, largely based in Saylesville/Pawtucket, into one of the largest textile finishing enterprises in the world. When Frank Sayles died in 1920, the decline of the textile industry in the North East was in its infancy. Textile factories began migrating to the south where labor was cheaper and they were closer to their raw materials. Frank Sayles opened his fourth finishing plant in Asheville, North Carolina in 1927.</p><br>
<p>The mill towns of Rhode Island were already in decline at the time of the union organizing general strike of textile workers of 1934. The violence did not leave Saylesville unscathed. Several thousand workers picketed the mill, though it is thought that few were from the mill itself. "Saylesville has been the center of much of the strike violence during the week, due, authorities say, in the determination of the strikers to close the finishing plant, whose operatives have refused to join the strike." The Moshassuck Cemetery on the hill behind the Sayles Complex was the scene of a bloody confrontation between strikers and the National Guard resulting in many injuries and one fatality when the strikers charged the guardsmen who then opened fire.</p><br>
<p>The mills finally closed in the 1960s.</p><br>
<p>William F. Sayles, the businessman and philanthropist who owned the original bleachery mills in Saylesville donated the funds to build Memorial Hospital of Rhode Island in Pawtucket.</p><br>
<p>In the 1920s the village was home to a professional soccer team known as the Sayles Finishing Plant F.C.</p><br>
<h2>Community today</h2><br>
<p>The village is home to the Saylesville Fire District, a combination fire department staffed by career, call and volunteer firefighters. It consists of Ladder 5, Engine 5, Engine 6, Utility 5, and Boat 5. The district covers the Saylesville, Fairlawn and Lonsdale villages and the western half of Lincoln Woods State Park.</p><br>
<h2>Historic district</h2><br>
<p>The Saylesville Historic District encompasses significant residential elements of the central mill village, primarily along Chapel and Walker Streets along Saylesville Pond, and extending west on Smithfield Avenue and northwest on Woodland Court. The public buildings of the village are located primarily on Walker Street, which runs east-west south of the pond. The mill worker housing on Chapel and Smithfield are about 1/2 single-family structures and 1/2 multi-unit buildings, either 1-1/2 or 2-1/2 stories in height, built out of either wood or brick. The company made an effort to relieve the uniformity of other mill villages, where identical buildings are in rows, by varying the locations of similar buildings so they were not adjacent. The Saylesville Meetinghouse, an active Friends worship group built in 1703, is on Great Road beyond the end of Chapel Street, and is not part of the historic district. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<p>The Elbert L. Carpenter House is a historic house in the Loring Park neighborhood of Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States. It was designed by notable local architect William Channing Whitney in the Colonial Revival style. The house is significant not only for its architecture, but also for its resident, a businessman in the lumber industry. Elbert Carpenter  helped to organize the Minneapolis Symphony Orchestra, now known as the Minnesota Orchestra. The Minneapolis Labor Review noted, "it was to him that everyone looked when stringent times in the world of work, trade and finance brought stringent times to the world of music. He never failed to respond with both financial support and ingenious plans for getting the Symphony through the storm of every depression."</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977. It was listed for its local significance in industry and music for Carpenter&#39;s achievements, and in architecture for its Georgian Revival design by William Channing Whitney.</p><br>
<p>Jackson Barracks is the headquarters of the Louisiana National Guard. It is located in the Lower 9th Ward of New Orleans, Louisiana. The base was established in 1834 and was originally known as New Orleans Barracks. On July 7, 1866, it was renamed in honor of Andrew Jackson. The National Register of Historic Places listed Jackson Barracks in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>After the War of 1812, the USA Congress realized coastal cities did not have adequate defenses, so they prescribed the Federal Fortifications Act. The Act, signed by Congress on July 19, 1832, provided over $180,000 (~$ in ) (USD) for the acquisition of lands, the building of barracks to house USA Troops, and the establishment of command and control centers. On December 14, 1833, the Federal government purchased a 100 by 300-yard property from Pierre Cotteret to establish a new barracks in New Orleans to support the new Forts Pike, Macomb, Jackson, Livingston, and St. Philip.</p><br>
<p>Lieutenant Frederick Wilkinson, designed and supervised the building of the new logistics base; built from 1832 to 1836, the new Barracks called "New Orleans Barracks" housed four infantry companies and was equipped with a prison, a storehouse, and four 3-story guard towers. His quadrangle design, in the center of the post, was intended to be a rallying point in the event of an attack. The backs of the buildings were designed with no outward facing windows and acted as a wall. A 10-foot brick facade joined the houses and fortified the post. The front of the Barracks by the river, had a levee, road, railroad, and a trolly-car track for supplements. The back of the Barracks by St. Claude Avenue, housed a powder magazine to store ammunition. The first troops were in the barracks by February 1837.</p><br>
<p>Colonel David E. Twiggs, the commanding officer of the 2nd Regiment of Dragoons, was chosen as the first commandant of the Post. During this time, Ulysses S. Grant, Robert E. Lee, George B. McClellan, J.E.B. Stuart, P. G. T. Beauregard, were all stationed at the Barracks, although not at the same time.</p><br>
<p>During the Mexican–American War, New Orleans Barracks became a post for sending and receiving troops. The wounded troops returning from Mexico initiated the construction of a federally operated hospital in 1849. It became the first Public Service Hospital for Veterans in the country.</p><br>
<p>On May 17, 1848, additional property was purchased from Mrs. Prudence Desilets expanding the Barracks north of Saint Claude Avenue to allow for the new hospital. The facility was a French-designed, four-building, two-story, open-bay hospital ward, with one surgical operating theater in the center. The hospital remained active until its demolition in 1888. The sturdy wood was salvaged and used to construct bungalows around the Barracks. In 1861, Louisiana seceded from the United States. Confederate forces took control of the Barracks and held it for less than one year, when in 1862, Federal forces re-captured it.</p><br>
<p>On July 7, 1866, the barracks was renamed "Jackson Barracks" after the general who won the Battle of New Orleans, "Old Hickory," Andrew Jackson. Three years later, the United States reorganized its "colored troops" into colored regiments. An ACT of Congress signed March 3, 1869, reduced the four colored regiments to two. The 39th and 40th Regiments were consolidated and renumbered as the 25th Infantry Regiment headquartered at Jackson Barracks, under the command of Colonel Joseph A. Mower until May 1870. Known as the Buffalo Soldiers, they served the United States during the Indian wars and Spanish–American War.</p><br>
<h3>Twentieth century</h3><br>
<p>During World War I, the Barracks was used as a mustering station. Following World War I, the property was declared excess by the federal government and given to the state of Louisiana. The Louisiana Adjutant General, Major General Raymond Fleming, made Jackson Barracks the headquarters of the Louisiana National Guard.</p><br>
<p>General Fleming transformed the post from an infantry post to a cavalry and artillery post where it housed the 108th Cavalry Regiment and the Washington Artillery. Construction of a new horse stable for the many horses posted at the barracks, and a polo field was fabricated to exercise the horses in exhibition games on the weekends.</p><br>
<p>Over the years, the Mississippi River slowly moved closer to the Barracks. Finally, in 1912, the River breached the levee that protected the post, destroying the road, railroad, and a trolly-car tracks. The executive office building and the front two guard towers were dismantled to make room for a new levee. There was not enough remaining space to allow for the construction of a new road or rail system.</p><br>
<p>During the Great Depression, Louisiana Governor Huey P. Long, Jr. used his political connections in Washington, D.C. to get federal funds for Louisiana state construction. Governor Long enlisted the Works Progress Administration (WPA), the largest and most ambitious New Deal agency, to carry out public works projects in Louisiana. Using WPA personnel, Jackson Barracks was extensively renovated, including the construction of a new executive office building named "Fleming Hall."</p><br>
<p>When the United States entered World War II, the federal government took control of the barracks to use it as a port of embarkation. Temporary billeting for men preparing to ship overseas in support of the war replaced the polo field.</p><br>
<p>During the war, the current Selective Training and Service Act of 1940 required that all men aged 18 to 45 were liable for military service for a term of one year. By the early summer of 1941, President Franklin D. Roosevelt asked the USA Congress to extend the term of duty for the draftees beyond twelve months. Many of the drafted soldiers threatened to desert at the conclusion of their initial twelve months of service. A plan submitted by Louisiana Adjutant General Raymond Fleming was to organize a conference and study the best way to procure manpower in the event of an emergency and develop a new Selective Service Act. Jackson Barracks was the location chosen to host the Conference.</p><br>
<p>The finalized Report #2438 was submitted to the 80th Congress - 2d Session and became the Selective Service Act of 1948; it required all men aged 19 to 26 to register and were liable for 21 months&#39; service, followed by five years of reserve duty.</p><br>
<p>At the conclusion of World War II, the barracks reverted to the state of Louisiana for use as the Louisiana National Guard headquarters, with a proviso that the federal government can, at any time of crisis, take control of the property.</p><br>
<h3>Post World War II</h3><br>
<p>In 1960, the Louisiana Department of Corrections acquired a portion of Jackson Barracks to build and operate a work release prison. Later that year construction of two Armories began. The National Register of Historic Places registered Jackson Barracks in 1976. In 1977, the transformation of the renovated Old Powder Magazine into the official Louisiana National Guard Museum began. Officially named, Ansel M. Stroud, Jr. Military History and Weapons Museum it contains artifacts from each of the nine major United States conflicts. The museum is a member of the Army Museum System.</p><br>
<p>In 1991, Warren Carmouche the founder of Thugs United started the Jackson Barracks Prison project. With the help of Loyola University, the prison gained a library, law school classes, literacy classes, creative writing, and conflict resolution classes. In 1993, the prison closed as a consequence of a three-man escape and a subsequent murder by the escapees. In 1995, there was an extensive renovation of the armories, construction of an Organizational Maintenance Shop, and the now-inactive prison compound transformed into a police training facility.</p><br>
<p>In 2005, the entire Jackson Barracks Complex was virtually destroyed by floodwater from Hurricane Katrina.</p><br>
<h3>Hurricane Katrina</h3><br>
<p>On August 29, 2005 Hurricane Katrina made its landfall in southeast Louisiana as a Category 3 storm. As the storm moved inland, the storm surge caused a breach in the Industrial Canal levee and submerged parts of Jackson Barracks with more than 20-feet of water. Residents and troops were caught in the floodwater and evacuated via boats to the Mississippi River levee, where National Guard helicopter pilots evacuated them to the Louisiana Superdome. The tidal surge virtually destroyed the entire Jackson Barracks Complex. Secretary of the Army Francis J. Harvey after touring the devastated Barracks, noted that Jackson Barracks is "a very important piece of American history that needs to be preserved."</p><br>
<h3>Rebuilding</h3><br>
<p>Congress authorized 100 percent of the funding for reconstruction. The rebuilding of the majority of the Barracks was from scratch, except the 1837 Old Powder Magazine and 14 antebellum homes in the Original Garrison that received a $35 million restoration fund from the Federal Emergency Management Agency. The entire complex was redesigned, so all office and executive complexes were in proximity, and all new structures would have their operational infrastructures above the first floor.</p><br>
<p>The Jackson Barracks Historical Renovation was created to ensure the preservation of the mostly intact historical area. ENR Texas & Louisiana was chosen to head the project. Yeates & Yeates Architects, New Orleans was selected to design structures matching the original Greek Revival theme. Most of the historical buildings were fully renovated, including structure replacement. The team fully restored over 17,500 square feet of wood-framed buildings to original designs and used original materials when possible.</p><br>
<p>The total cost of reconstruction due to Hurricane Katrina was $325 million. Construction included 91 new housing cottages at the north end of the barracks and new armories with state-of-the-art features, including a bomb-proof facade, advanced fire retardant systems, dedicated water and electricity utilities, and stand-alone command and control facilities.</p><br>
<p>In 2013 the Ansel M. Stroud, Jr. Military History and Weapons Museum reopened, in a new multi-use complex with exhibits covering the Louisiana Guard response to Hurricane Katrina, Louisiana soldiers and airmen involvement in the Global War on Terror, The Gulf War of 1990–1991, and other National Guard and Louisiana military history topics. A new area features temporary and traveling exhibits.</p><br>
<p>The museum is one of two focusing on the Louisiana National Guard; the other is the Louisiana Maneuvers and Military Museum in Pineville, Louisiana.</p><br>
<p>The Stahlman is a historic building in Nashville, Tennessee, USA It was completed in 1907 for Major Edward Bushrod Stahlman.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It was built by Major Edward Bushrod Stahlman. When the Stahlman building opened in 1907, it housed the Fourth National Bank. The original vault still resides in the basement. It remained in the Stahlman family until the 1950s.</p><br>
<p>Over 100 years old, the building has been renovated into loft apartments and retail space. Since 1967, its roof has featured large neon letters spelling the callsign of radio station WKDF (and before that, its predecessor, WKDA), which occupied part of the building until moving to new facilities in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Architectural significance</h2><br>
<p>The building was designed by architects James Edwin Ruthven Carpenter, Jr. and Walter D. Blair.</p><br>
<p>The James Earl Rudder State Office Building is a historic office building in downtown Austin, Texas, USA. Built in 1918, the five-story structure features 18-foot ceilings and terrazzo and marble flooring.</p><br>
<p>Over time the building has housed the General Land Office, the Department of Agriculture, and the State Highway Department (today the Department of Transportation). Today, the building houses the offices for the Secretary of State.</p><br>
<p>The building is located at 1019 Brazos Street, immediately south of the old General Land Office building and east of the Dewitt C. Greer State Highway Building. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places along with the Greer Building on January 7, 1998.</p><br>
<p>Burbank City Hall is the site of the municipal government of Burbank, California, and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Designed by architects William Allen and W. George Lutzi in the Moderne or Art Deco style, ground was broken in February 1941 and construction was completed in 1943. The structure was partially funded by the Federal Works Agency, Works Progress Administration (WPA). It was completed at a total cost of $409,000.</p><br>
<p>Burbank City Councilman Ted McConkey told the Los Angeles Daily News in 1996: "Anyone walking into City Hall would recognize that its something unique. Its special because of the period in which it was built, because of the way its been maintained and because of all the murals at City Hall. We get an inordinate number of requests to use City Hall from film companies." When it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996, it became the second listed building in Burbank — the first being Burbanks main post office.</p><br>
<p>The structures 77-foot tower serves as the main lobby and features art deco detailing and more than 20 types of marble, which can be found in the city seal on the floor, the trim, walls and in the treads and risers of the grand stairway. Its artistic features include several works: cast medallions, one bas-relief sculpture by Bartolo Mako titled A Tribute to Craftsmen" along Third Street, two bas-relief sculpture panels on the front facade of an unknown artist and a framed painting titled "Justice, also by Mako, for hanging in the City Attorney&#39;s office.</p><br>
<p>Burbank City Hall&#39;s most notable artistic features are the large murals painted by muralist Hugo Ballin. Ballin also painted the murals at the Griffith Observatory and Wilshire Boulevard Temple. There are two major Ballin murals at the Burbank City Hall: "The Four Freedoms" in the Council Chamber and "Burbank Industry" in the rotunda. In 2001, the building underwent a renovation project that included restoration of the Ballin murals.</p><br>
<p>The Council Chamber located on the second floor is noted for its teakwood-panelled walls and Ballins "Four Freedoms" mural. The mural was inspired by Franklin Roosevelts 1941 "Four Freedoms" speech and is considered one of Ballin&#39;s finest works. The chamber has built-in rails and tables. In 1978, the original carved wooden pews were replaced by padded theater-style seating, and the checkered floor was carpeted. During the 2001 renovation, the ceiling was returned to its original height revealing the top of the Four Freedoms mural that had been obscured for decades.</p><br>
<p>The "Burbank Industry" in the rotunda features Burbank-built airplanes, the motion picture industry, agriculture, and a power plant. In 1964, the bottom portion of the Burbank Industry mural was removed to make room for a bridge to an adjacent municipal building. After being stored for 37 years rolled in a plastic sheet at various times under a street bridge at the citys yards, in a bedroom on Amherst Drive, and at the Burbank Historical Societys Gordon Howard Museum, the 1964 building (and the bridge to it) were demolished and the lower section returned to its place and reattached by art conservators. The unveiling ceremony for all the restored art took place on September 10, 2001.</p><br>
<p>The John Ruan House is a historical mansion located in Frankford, a neighborhood in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. It was built in 1796 for John Ruan, a Pennsylvanian physician and community leader.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1794, Dr. John Ruan, a Pennsylvanian physician, erected a small building in Frankford. After paying taxes to it, he built the John Ruan House, attaching it to the previous building, which may have been used as a kitchen and servants&#39; quarters. After Ryan suffered financial losses in 1822, the house was sold to a merchant. It changed ownership several times before it was converted into a kindergarten in 1890.</p><br>
<p>In 1921, the Knights of Columbus acquired the building, using it for meetings and social events. It was acquired again in 1958 by the Philadelphia Camp Corporation, who converted it into a museum. and federal registers for historic places. However, due to rising maintenance costs, in 2021, the museum closed down.</p><br>
<h2>Composition</h2><br>
<p>The house is 2½-stories high, the oldest of its size and stature still standing in Frankford.</p><br>
<p>Bridesburg School, also known as Irving School, was a historic school in the Bridesburg neighborhood of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was the third-oldest surviving school building in Philadelphia, after the Mifflin School, and the much altered Penn Township School. The two-story building was built by Henry Funk in 1847–48 with five classrooms. In 1866, three classrooms were added by builder Charles Fay. In 1888 it was replaced by the new Bridesburg School, and then sold in 1894. It was since used as a warehouse.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<p>Google Earth satellite imagery shows that the building was demolished sometime between May 12, 2015 and May 24, 2016.</p><br>
<p>The Manis Mastodon site is a 2 acre archaeological site on the Olympic Peninsula near Sequim, Washington, United States, discovered in 1977. During the 1977-78 excavation, the remains of an American mastodon were recovered with a 13,800-year-old projectile point made of the bone from a different mastodon embedded in its rib. The site was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Emanuel “Manny” Nicholas Manis (1926-2000) was excavating a dry peat bog on his property in Happy Valley (just south of Sequim, WA) with a backhoe when he found two tusks of an American mastodon on August 8, 1977. An archaeological excavation led by Dr. Carl Eugene Gustafson (1936-2016) of Washington State University found a rib bone that had what appeared to be a spear point made from the bone of a different mastodon embedded in it. The point had bone growth around it, indicating that it had not caused the mastodon&#39;s death. Gustafson deemed it the earliest known evidence of interaction between humans and mastodons in the Americas. However, there was debate, because of the lack of indisputable proof that the point was made by humans. This situation changed in 2011, when a new study of the remains definitively concluded that Gustafson was right as to both the age and the human origin of the point. Others are less certain about the human origin of the point as it is unusually thin and has not been smoothed. Gustafson also analyzed the position of the 6,800 kg fossil, which was lying on its left side, while the heavily fragmented skull was rotated 180 degrees from its natural position. Noting that this could not have occurred due to natural causes Gustafson deduced that the carcass must have been tampered with by humans. Archaeologists were surprised to find a mastodon in the area at all because pollen samples that were taken showed no evidence of trees, which mastodons fed on.</p><br>
<p>In an excavated layer above the mastodon, as well as that of a 6,700-year-old deposit of ash from the eruption of Mount Mazama, a projectile-point was found in the style of Cascade points common in the area no earlier than 9,000 years ago.</p><br>
<p>The site also turned up remains of caribou, bison, and plant macrofossils. Bones of the bison showed evidence of butchering by humans. The pollen found in the same layer as the mastodon was predominantly sedge and cattail, while other layers contained that of plants ranging from Canadian buffaloberry, blackberry and wild rose, to willow and alder.</p><br>
<p>Gustafson continued to excavate at the site for eight years, finding the partial remains of two more mastodons. Though stone tools and artifacts of bone were found, Gustafson failed to find evidence of an encampment by the people theorized to have butchered the mastodons.</p><br>
<p>Prior to the excavation at the Manis site, which was dated before 12,000 years ago, archaeological sites west of the Cascade Range considered to be early were aged between 9,000 and 6,000 years old.</p><br>
<p>During the years of excavation, Clare and Emanuel Manis welcomed over 50,000 visitors to the site. In 1978, when the site was added to the National Register of Historic Places, Senator Henry M. Jackson made the announcement. In 2002, on the 25th anniversary of the discovery, Manis&#39; widow donated the site to The Archaeological Conservancy. The fossil remains of the mastodon were donated to the Sequim Museum & Arts in Sequim and are now on display. A casting of the bone projectile point is also on display.</p><br>
<p>In Oct. 2011, the Center of the Study of the First Americans (CSFA), Anthropology Department at Texas A&M University published findings from DNA tests, CT scans and radiocarbon dating on the mastodon and the spear point. The CT scan clearly established the spear point had been sharpened to a needle point by human hands. Four radiocarbon dates yielded an age of 13,860–13,763 calendar years BP.</p><br>
<p>Since the 1950s, archaeologists have believed the Clovis people were the first human inhabitants of North America and that they lived here 13,000 years ago. However the discovery of sites pre-dating Clovis, such as Monte Verde in Chile and Meadowcroft Rockshelter in Pennsylvania, have been challenging this presumption at least since the 1990s. The Manis Mastodon site is 800 years older than the Clovis people. This site, among others, is helping to change the long-held beliefs of many archaeologists about the earliest human inhabitants of North America. The Manis Mastodon site remains the oldest archaeological site on the Olympic Peninsula in Washington State and one of the oldest in North America.</p><br>
<p>In November 2011, Shirley Manis, daughter of discoverer Emanuel Manis, authored the first and only children&#39;s picture book about the Manis Mastodon site, which includes the most recent research analysis.</p><br>
<p>The Rendezvous Docking Simulator, also known as the Real-Time Dynamic Simulator, is a simulator at the Langley Research Center. It was constructed for the Gemini program in Building 1244 and it became operational in June 1963 at a cost of $320,000 and later reconfigured for the Apollo program. The simulator consists of a gantry frame, with an overhead carriage from which test craft were suspended by cables. A gimbal was powered hydraulically and was capable of changing pitch and yaw at a rate of 1 radian per second or roll at 2 radians per second. The gantry also moved like an overhead crane using electric motors and was capable of travelling 210 ft longitudinally at up to 20 ft/s, 16 ft laterally at up to 4 ft/s and vertically 45 ft at up to 10 ft/s.</p><br>
<p>It is the only surviving simulator from the NASA Gemini and Apollo space programs that was used by astronauts to practice docking of space capsules with other vessels. Ability to dock reliably with the Apollo Lunar Module was a crucial skill essential for the mission to return from the Moon. The docking simulator was used alongside the Projection Planetarium in training exercises.</p><br>
<p>It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1985.</p><br>
<p>Currently it is stored, hanging from the rafters in Building 1244, a vast hangar at Langley, and there are no plans for it otherwise.</p><br>
<p>The Failing Office Building is a building in downtown Portland, Oregon, United States that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 31, 2007. The building was built during the rapid growth in Portland&#39;s business district after the Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition in 1905. It was built with six stories in 1907, with a six-story addition in 1913. It features a reinforced steel-frame structure with facades of yellow brick and glazed terra cotta.</p><br>
<p>The Failing Office Building is currently known as The 620 Building.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building was built for Henry Failing, the fifteenth mayor of Portland. He was the son of Josiah Failing, also a mayor of Portland. It was originally named the Gevurtz Building, for the ground-floor Gevurtz Furniture Company. In 1918, the Portland Gas and Coke Company signed a lease with the Failing estate, at which time it was named the Gasco Building. Portland Gas and Coke moved its operations to the Public Service Building in 1927, so the building was renamed the Failing Building.</p><br>
<p>The architects, William M. Whidden and Ion Lewis, of the firm Whidden & Lewis, were prominent in Portland around the beginning of the 20th century. Their residential buildings were mostly in the Colonial Revival style, while their commercial buildings were primarily in the 20th century classical style. The commercial buildings often featured brick, along with terra cotta ornamentation.</p><br>
<p>In December 2006, Walker Place LLC purchased the 103,077 ft&sup2; Failing Office Building (620 Building) from 620 Associates LLC for $11.35 million.</p><br>
<h2>Renovations</h2><br>
<p>In 1913, Whidden & Lewis oversaw the addition of six stories for the Gevurtz Furniture Company. In 1951, JJ Newberry remodeled the first and second floors (Glenn Stanton Architect) of the Failing Building and constructed a new six-story building, which replaced the Richmond Building, located just to the east. A ceramic veneer was added which covered the original large window openings on the first and second floors.</p><br>
<p>In 2008, the Failing Building (620 Building) underwent a major facade renovation of the first and second floors. The 1951 ceramic veneer was removed, allowing the display windows to be reinstalled. With the addition of new steel awnings, concrete pilasters, and decorative tile, the building&#39;s facade was renovated to an approximation of its original 1913 appearance.</p><br>
<p>Brandon Plantation is a historic plantation home located near Alton, Halifax County, Virginia. The main house is a two-part, frame vernacular farmhouse. The earliest section of the farmhouse is a single-pile, three-bay gable-roof dwelling erected about 1800. Attached to the east end is a two-bay section added about 1842. The interior features details attributed to Thomas Day, a well-known African-American cabinetmaker from Milton, North Carolina. The farmhouse underwent an extensive remodeling and modernization in the early 1960s but preserves a significant degree of architectural integrity. Also on the property are a contributing frame kitchen / slave quarter outbuilding, an early stone-lined well, and the sites of early agricultural outbuildings.</p><br>
<p>Brandon Plantation is located on SR 697 (Coleman Drive) just west of SR 696 (Henderson Road). Brandon-on-the-Dan, a Register-listed property approximately 2 miles west in the village of Delila, was owned by a different branch of the same family.</p><br>
<p>Brandon Plantation was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996. It is also on the Virginia Department of Historic Resources list of historic African American sites in Virginia.</p><br>
<p>The Newport Historic District is a historic district that covers 250 acres  in the center of Newport in the USA state of Rhode Island. It was designated a National Historic Landmark  in 1968 due to its extensive and well-preserved assortment of intact colonial buildings dating from the early and mid-18th century. Six of those buildings are themselves NHLs in their own right, including the city&#39;s oldest house and the former meeting place of the colonial and state legislatures. Newer and modern buildings coexist with the historic structures.</p><br>
<p>It is a major tourist attraction due to its history, its setting on Newports waterfront and the shops located within it along Thames Street. In 1997, it doubled for mid-19th-century New Haven, Connecticut during the production of Steven Spielbergs Amistad. "No comparable collection of colonial buildings exists today in the state or perhaps the nation", says Rhode Island historian William McLoughlin.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The district is described by the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) as being roughly bounded by Van Zandt Avenue to the north; Farewell, Sherman, High and Thomas streets on the east; Golden Hill, Thames and Marsh streets in the south and Washington Street on the west, just before the shores of Narragansett Bay. This area includes the Easton&#39;s Point neighborhood and its concentration of colonial houses on the north, Washington Square, the shops and stores along Thames Street near the waterfront, and the blocks inland up the gentle rise to the Bellevue Avenue neighborhoods.</p><br>
<p>Land use varies from commercial, mainly street-level retailing, along heavily trafficked Thames and America&#39;s Cup Avenue to primarily residential along the side streets to the east. The narrowness of these streets, built long before the automobile, has led the city to restrict parking along them to residents with a valid permit.</p><br>
<p>In 2007 the city proposed increasing the district&#39;s boundaries to include the ten-acre (4 ha) common burial ground at the north end, which dates to 1660. the National Park Service has not announced whether it will approve the request.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Colonial era</h3><br>
<p>The historic district is the core of the original city of Newport as it was during the years from its founding in 1639 to the American Revolution, when it served as the colonial capital. Surviving buildings date from the last years of the 17th century. The White Horse Tavern has stood on the same site since 1652, with the current building dating to 1673. The Wanton-Lyman-Hazard House, built by at least 1697, is the city&#39;s oldest house museum. Most of those early homes were simple clapboard structures in vernacular English styles that the colonists had adapted to the locally available materials.</p><br>
<p>Wood was also used to build Trinity Church, whose tall white spire is one of the citys most distinctive landmarks. In the early 1730s, efforts to bring some formal planning to Newports development resulted in the construction of two major brick buildings showing heavy influence of the Georgian style then being popularized in London by Sir Christopher Wren. The Old Colony House and the Brick Market stand at opposite ends of Washington Square, then known as the Parade, and were meant to make it the kind of dignified public space found in English cities of the period.</p><br>
<p>Religious tolerance led to the immigration of Quakers from Massachusetts, where they were regarded as heretics, and communities of Sephardi Jews from Portugal. These left their mark with the Great Friends Meeting House on Marlborough Street, the oldest house of worship in Rhode Island, built in 1699, and Touro Synagogue, the oldest in the Western Hemisphere. The Quakers settled heavily in Easton&#39;s Point, building many of the wooden houses there and naming many of its streets after trees.</p><br>
<p>The city prospered as it became a more important port, and eventually sea captains who had made their fortunes began to settle down and build larger houses for themselves. One of these homes, Hunter House, another NHL located along the water in Easton&#39;s Point, is preserved today for its quality cabinetry, much of it originally manufactured in Newport.</p><br>
<h3>19th century</h3><br>
<p>After independence the city lost some cachet when Providence, the wartime state capital, became the main capital. Still, the legislature continued to meet at the Colony House every other session, and held a ceremonial meeting there every April on Lection Day, when the results of the states March elections were announced and the winners sworn in. It drew crowds from all over the state, and was Newport&#39;s major holiday for much of the 19th century.</p><br>
<p>Throughout most of that century, the downtown area remained a major, although somewhat neglected, port area, sustained by the nearby naval presence. Fleets were based in Newport, and the Naval War College is nearby, along with other naval facilities along the western shore of Aquidneck Island. Newer buildings in 19th-century styles, particularly Italianate, were erected along Thames, and many of these were home to businesses that catered to sailors on leave.</p><br>
<h3>20th century</h3><br>
<p>In the years after the Civil War, the new rich of the Gilded Age began to rediscover Newport as a summer getaway, building larger and larger homes along and near Bellevue Avenue to the east. After the legislature moved to Providence full-time in 1900, depriving the city of some of its economy, the newer residents began to show an interest in preserving Newports rich architectural past. They established the Newport Historical Society, and endowed some of their family fortunes towards architect Norman Ishams projects to restore the Wanton-Lyman-Hazard House, the Brick Market and Colony House during the 1920s and &#39;30s. The fight to save the Hunter House from demolition led to the formation of another important local organization, the Preservation Society of Newport County.</p><br>
<p>Other local efforts concentrated on other houses later on, and they were eventually recognized with the NHL designations of the individual buildings in the early 1960s. The city created the district by ordinance in 1965, and it was recognized as an NHL itself in 1968.</p><br>
<p>The loss of the naval fleet in 1971 was a serious blow to the economy, and eventually the city controversially authorized the removal of many old factories, warehouses, and historic structures along the water, just west of the district boundary for the construction of retail facilities such as Brick Market Place and Long Wharf Mall, hotels, condominiums and America&#39;s Cup Avenue, a multilane through street whose name reflected the sloop races that then drew crowds to the city every few years.</p><br>
<p>In the mid-1980s, the America&#39;s Cup was finally lost to an Australian team, and left the city. The downtown area adapted by focusing on shopping opportunities for the tourists who were drawn to Newport to visit the many mansions every summer, and promoting its own historic buildings. The historic district retained enough of its character that Steven Spielberg came there in 1997 to film Amistad, deeming it a sufficient stand-in for 1840s New Haven, Connecticut, where the real case took place. The interiors of several historic buildings, especially Colony House, were used as sets for scenes in the film.</p><br>
<h2>Significant contributing properties</h2><br>
<p>Many of the 392 buildings within the district are considered contributing properties to its historic character. These include five National Historic Landmarks and other buildings listed on the NRHP in their own right.</p><br>
<h3>National Historic Landmarks</h3><br>
<p>Unless otherwise noted, these are managed as museums by the Newport Historical Society.</p><br>
<p>Brick Market, today the Museum of Newport History. Built in 1762 by self-taught architect Peter Harrison, it is located at the west end of Washington Square, along Thames Street. It demonstrates an advanced and sophisticated classicism throughout its Georgian design.</p><br>
<p>Hunter House, on Washington Street in Easton&#39;s Point. A well-preserved Georgian frame house that contains much high-quality woodworking and furniture from Newport cabinetmakers of the period. Managed by the Preservation Society of Newport County.</p><br>
<p>Old Colony House, at the east end of Washington Square where Broadway enters. The colonial and state legislatures met in this well-preserved Georgian public building, the fourth-oldest statehouse in the USA</p><br>
<p>Trinity Church, between Elm, Church and Spring streets. Local architect Richard Munday designed this, the oldest parish church in the state, after Boston&#39;s Old North Church. It is still an active Episcopal congregation.</p><br>
<p>Vernon House, on Clarke Street. Excellent, correctly proportioned Georgian frame house.</p><br>
<p>Wanton-Lyman-Hazard House, on Broadway a short distance from the Colony House. Another Munday design, built by at least 1697, this is the oldest house in Newport. Its renovation reflects several different styles it passed through in the century after its construction.</p><br>
<h3>Registered Historic Places</h3><br>
<p>Army and Navy YMCA Beaux Arts building on Washington Square was a popular destination for off-duty military personnel after its 1911 construction. Now serves as low-income housing.</p><br>
<p>Great Friends Meeting House, on Marlborough Street. Built by Quakers in 1699, it is the oldest house of worship in the state.</p><br>
<p>Touro Synagogue, on Touro Street. Another Peter Harrison design, dating from the 1720s. It is the oldest synagogue in the Western Hemisphere, built by the city&#39;s Portuguese Jewish population.</p><br>
<p>White Horse Tavern On its current site on Marlborough Street since 1652, in its current building since 1687, making it the oldest drinking establishment in the USA</p><br>
<h2>Historic District Commission</h2><br>
<p>To maintain the districts historic character, the city created its Historic District Commission (HDC) at the same time as the district itself. It consists of nine citizens appointed to three-year terms by the City Council to oversee not just the downtown historic district but Newports other historic districts, two of which (Bellevue Avenue and Ocean Drive) are also recognized as National Historic Landmarks. The city considers them all one large district for its administrative purposes.</p><br>
<p>The HDC must review any exterior alterations to a building in the district beyond ordinary maintenance and repair, and issue a Certificate of Appropriateness. It cannot order any changes made to a property.</p><br>
<p>Martins Brandon Church, also known as Brandon Church and as Martins Brandon Episcopal Church, is a historic Episcopal church located at 18706 James River Drive in Burrowsville, Virginia. Martins Brandon Parish was formed in the early 17th century and derives its name from the nearby Martins Brandon Plantation patented by Captain John Martin in 1616. The current church was designed by noted Baltimore architect Niernsee & Neilson and built in 1855 as a replacement for an earlier sanctuary that once stood directly across Route 10 near the site of the Burrowsville School. Several of its beautiful stained glass windows were designed by Louis Comfort Tiffany. A cherished possession of Brandon Church is a silver communion chalice known as the "Communion Cupp" that has been used by Martin&#39;s Brandon Parish since the 17th century. The property also includes the contributing church cemetery.</p><br>
<p>The church was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<h2>Notable parishioners</h2><br>
<p>Robert Williams Daniel</p><br>
<p>Robert Williams Daniel Jr.</p><br>
<p>East Lake Library is one of 41 branch libraries in the Hennepin County Library System, one of 15 branch libraries formerly in the Minneapolis Public Library System in Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States. Three different buildings have housed the library since 1924.</p><br>
<h2>Buildings</h2><br>
<h3>First</h3><br>
<p>The first East Lake Community Library opened in February 1924, between the Hosmer Community Library and Roosevelt Community Library, which is modeled closely after East Lake. Situated on Lake Street, it featured simple architecture and a skylight. Because of its appearance, seemingly like a storefront, the library was called a Reading Factory.</p><br>
<p>The first East Lake remained until the mid-1970s when the need for a new, larger library grew. By 1974 East Lake was circulating 121,459 items and fielding tens of thousands of reference questions. In 1976 the library closed and was reopened as a Montessori day care. In 1987 Northern Sun Merchandising purchased the building and runs it there to this day. In 2000 the building was added to the National Register of Historic Places. In 2004–5, 80 solar panels (9.6 kW) were installed on the roof. The original library shelves still circle the walls of the building.</p><br>
<h3>Second</h3><br>
<p>The second East Lake was built two blocks west of the original library. It had 15,116 ft&sup2; of space and 30,000 volumes.</p><br>
<p>In 1999, a plan called Outlook Twenty Ten outlined some options for the renewal of the library:</p><br>
<p>Option A called for a 6,000 ft&sup2; expansion to the building, which was to cost almost $3 million.</p><br>
<p>Option B outlined a 7,000 ft&sup2; expansion and the acquisition of neighboring properties. This was to allow greater creative flexibility in the designation of a new library building. It was to cost almost $3 million.</p><br>
<p>Option C simply had the library repaired and slightly renovated. No cost was projected.</p><br>
<p>None of Outlook Twenty Ten&#39;s original suggestions were followed, and on April 30, 2005, the second East Lake was closed to make way for the third building.</p><br>
<h3>Third</h3><br>
<p>The current East Lake was modeled after Minneapolis Central Library, which was also under construction at the time. The new East Lake facility features a glass and metal exterior and was designed by KKE Architects.</p><br>
<p>The library opened on March 10, 2007. It includes a meeting room, children&#39;s area, computers, a zine collection, and fully automated checkout systems. It is located in the same place as the 1976 building, 2727 E. Lake Street.</p><br>
<p>The library building was damaged by smoke and water from arson that occurred during the overnight hours of May 27, 2020, during the George Floyd protests in Minneapolis–Saint Paul.</p><br>
<h2>Programs</h2><br>
<p>K-12 Homework Help is a free after-school program for students in the neighborhood. East Lake also hosts a monthly Mystery Book Club, a weekly Weekly Art + Craft Practice Group, and regular visits by nonprofit and government agencies offering social supports and career services.</p><br>
<h2>Works of art</h2><br>
<p>East Lake Library art includes Zoran Mojsilovs 2007 piece Zoomorphy, presenting large granite rocks held in place by sinuous steel rods. Weighing 26,000 pounds, Zoomorphy is located in the external rain garden. Visitors looking through the librarys external windows encounter Janet Lofquists Pages, featuring etched glass versions of literary excerpts from Dr. Seusss Cat in the Hat, Galileo Galileis work, and Miguel de Cervantess Don Quixote.</p><br>
<p>The Ezekiel Kelsey House is a historic house at 429 Beckley Road in Berlin, Connecticut. Built about 1760, it is a well-preserved example of a saltbox colonial residence. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Ezekiel Kelsey House is located in a rural suburban setting in eastern Berlin, on the east side of Beckley Road north of Connecticut Route 9. It is a -story wood-frame structure, three large bays wide, with a large central chimney and a centered entry. It is one room deep, with a leanto section added to the rear, giving the house a saltbox appearance. The second story overhangs the first by several inches on three sides. The interior follows a typical center chimney plan, with parlor spaces on either side of the chimney, and the kitchen behind it. The left parlor is the finest room, with period wood paneling, cased timber framing, and carved trim elements. Paneling also appears in the other parlor and the kitchen; the latter room also has period cabinetry. A great deal of the house hardware is original, but some is old (period) replacement hardware salvaged from other buildings for restoration.</p><br>
<p>The house was probably built c. 1760 by Ezekiel Kelsey, who was the sixth of eleven children born to John Kelsey and Mary Buck. Ezekiel was born in Wethersfield in 1713 and died in 1795. The house may have been built by Ezekiel for his son Asahel, to whom he gave it in 1768. The house is more stylistically similar to houses built earlier in the 18th century in Connecticut than it is to many of its contemporaries.</p><br>
<p>The home of Ezekiel Kelsey&#39;s nephew Enoch also survives in Newington.</p><br>
